tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-77245249306607092062024-03-14T03:02:44.757-07:00Peguam Syarie WannabeBila Orang Slim River MenaipNaufal Tarmizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18171464018688486581noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7724524930660709206.post-91209805773562787462015-11-11T01:51:00.000-08:002015-11-11T17:19:28.563-08:00The Importance of Liquidity Management in Islamic Finance and How Shariah Accommodate Its Implementation<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">(<b>Nota Ringkasan</b> hasil daripada bab dalam buku "<i>Contemporary Issues in Islamic Finance: Deliberation At The International Shariah Scholars Dialogue 2006</i>" tulisan Dr. Muhammad Syafi’i Antonio)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>The Significance of Liquidity<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Management</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Managing liquidity is a
fundamental component in the safe and sound management of Islamic bank and
financial institutions</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sound liquidity management prudently
managing assets and liabilities (on and off-balance sheet) to ensure the cash
inflows can meet obligations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>It is important to have the
process of liquidity planning : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>assesses potential future
liquidity needs,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>considering various
possible changes in market, political, regulatory</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>other internal and external
factors.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>Objective of Liquidity Management</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Scheming cash outflow
commitments (on and off-balance sheet);</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Avoid excess funding costs;
and</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Fulfill liquidity
requirements.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>Liquidity Mechanism</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Bank and financial institutions raise funds from society to
finance their operations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>Islamic Back Liquidity Allocation</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b>Primary Reserve:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Cash</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Current account with
central bank</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b>Secondary Reserve:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Islamic securities</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Inter-islamic bank
investment</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b>Earning assets:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i>murabahah</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i>salam and istisna’</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i>mudarabah and
musharakah</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i>ijarah</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i>investment
participation</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b>Non-earning assets:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Fixed asset</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>Source of Funds</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b>Funds from internal
bank/financial institutions:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Paid up capital</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bank reserve</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Retained earnings</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b>Public funds:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Demand deposit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Saving deposit</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Time deposit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b>Funds from other sources:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Credit liquidity from
central bank</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Call money (interbank loan)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>International bank loan
(placement)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Financial market
instruments</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>Balancing Two Sides of Asset-Liability </u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The bank manager tries to maximize return on assets by
investing as much of the cash available; on the other hand, there is a need to
have enough liquidity to meet any mismatch of the term structure (maturity
dates) of assets and liabilities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>Sources of Liquidity Risk</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Incorrect judgment and
complacency</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Unanticipated change in
cost of capital</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Abnormal behavior of
financial markets</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Range of assumptions used</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Risk activation by
secondary sources</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Break down of payment
system</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Macroeconomic imbalances</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Contractual forms</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Financial infrastructures
deficiency</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>Key Issues In Islamic Liquidity Management</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Under-developed Islamic
inter-bank market</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Slow development in Islamic
financial instruments</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Absence of Islamic
secondary market</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Small number of
participants</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Different Shariah interpretation</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>No ‘lender of last resort’</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>Islamic Inter-bank market</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Most of deposit liabilities of Islamic bank are very
short-term in nature while they invested long-term, and Islamic banks cannot
borrow at interest to meet unexpected withdrawal from their depositors. Thus,
it is difficult for Islamic bank to run mismatched asset and liability
portfolios.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>Liquidity Problems</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Liquidity management tools
that are flexible and Shariah compliant are limited </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Although sukuk can be
traded, most are held to maturity</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Many Islamic banks place
their surplus funds with western banks through <i>murabahah </i>trading on the
London Metal Exchange.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>(Note: in handling liquidity problem,
often the managers of Islamic financial institutions resort to one or more of
the following options:</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i>Refuse to take
interest-based instrument</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i>Accept interest-based
option on the basis of ‘darurah’ and use it for charitable purposes</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i>Rely on some
debt-like modes, especially mark-up to ensure a certain degree of liquidity)</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>Implication for Islamic Banks</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Under-utilization of
financial resources</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Lower income and higher
cost</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Loss of <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">competitiveness</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>Liquidity Crunch (Examples)</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Can be a serious problem to national banking industry</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Financial crisis in
Indonesia (1997-1998) and Turkey in 2000-2001</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>“Ikhlas Finance” was closed
during the crisis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>More than 70 commercial
banks in Indonesia were closed down</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>Current Practices in Managing Excess Liquidity</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Short term liquidity
instruments</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Various type of sukuk</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Secured financing <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">portfolios</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Infrastructure institutions:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Liquidity Management Center</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>International Islamic
Financial Market (IIFM)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>Short-Term Liquidity Instruments</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Inter-bank investment scheme</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Mudharabah</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Government Investment Certificate </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Qard al-Hasan</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Wadiah </i>Acceptance</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Unconditional <i>Hibah</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Al-Rahnu</i> Agreement</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Qard Al-Hasan</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Various types of Sukuk</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Mudharabah</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Musharakah</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Ijarah</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Murabahah</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Salam</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Istisna’</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Tawarruq-</i>based instrument</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Bay’ al-Tawarruq</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Central Bank Negotiable Notes</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Bay’ Al-Inah</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Negotiable Islamic Debt Certificates</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Bay’ Al-Inah</i></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Sell and buy back Agreement</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Bay’ Al-Inah</i></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Islamic Accepted Bills</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Bay’ Al-Inah</i></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>Mudharabah Inter-Bank Investment (MII) Scheme</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>MII refers to a mechanism
whereby a deficit Islamic bank (investee bank) can obtain investment from a
surplus Islamic banking institution (investor bank) based on <i>mudharabah</i> (profit
sharing).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>The period of investment is
from overnight to 12 months, while the rate of return is based on the rate of
gross profit before distribution for investment of 1 year of the investee bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Profit sharing ratio is
negotiable among both parties.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>Central Bank Wadiah Acceptance or Certificate</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>A transaction between the
central bank and Islamic banking Institutions</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>It refers to a <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">mechanism</span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">whereby</span> the Islamic banking institutions place their surplus fund with the
central bank based on the concept of wadiah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Under this concept, the
acceptor of funds is viewed as the custodian for the funds and there is no
obligation on the part of the custodian to pay any return on the account</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>However, if there is any
dividend paid by the custodian, it is perceived as hibah (gift)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>Secured Commodity Murabahah Scheme</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Advantages</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Secured commodity <i>murabahah
</i>is short-term in nature, therefore, liquid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>The buying and selling
transaction is done in the same currency (usually USD), therefore, no foreign
exchange risk. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Problems</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Flow of funds away from
Muslim economies</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Not contributing in any
growth or development oriented economic activity</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Limited scope for liquidity
management: since transactions are mostly bilateral, therefore, counterparty
limits apply.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Always ‘back-to-back’
murabahah is needed for maintaining liquidity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>Salam Sukuk </u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Similar to secured
commodity <i>murabahah</i> but securitized</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Advantages</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Cost prices need not be
declared</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Lower credit risk to bank
due to sovereign counterparty</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Lower cost (or higher
return) to bank than in secured commodity <i>murabahah</i> due to
securitization</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Funds utilized in the local
economy until very near to delivery date</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Disadvantage</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Not tradable therefore high
liquidity risk</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
Naufal Tarmizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18171464018688486581noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7724524930660709206.post-64354599156849738732012-12-10T09:28:00.003-08:002012-12-10T19:12:56.367-08:00Pembuktian Sihir Dalam Kes Mal (sivil) dan Jenayah<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Petikan Bab 4 Latihan Ilmiah 'Sihir : Pembuktian Di Mahkamah')</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.1 PENGENALAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penggubalan undang-undang berkaitan sihir
sudah semestinya suatu keperluan pada masa kini. Namun, sebelum undang-undang
itu digubal, ia perlu kepada beberapa elemen penting bagi menjadikan
undang-undang tersebut dapat dilaksanakan dan menepati prinsip penggubalan
undang-undang iaitu memberi keadilan dan menjaga hak orang yang tertakluk
padanya. Elemen seperti keterangan dan pembuktian adalah penting dalam menjaga
hak-hak individu supaya individu yang tidak bersalah tidaklah
sewenang-wenangnya dituduh di bawah kesalahan sihir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sejarah telah membuktikan bahawa pemansuhan
undang-undang berkaitan sihir adalah disebabkan kezaliman dan diskriminasi yang
berlaku terhadap golongan wanita dan kanak-kanak. Ini berlaku kerana pemahaman
tentang keterangan dan pembuktian dalam sesuatu kes adalah berada pada tahap
yang sangat lemah. Sebagai contoh, penggunaan <i>spectral evidence</i> dalam <i>Witchcraft
Act 1736</i> di Eropah adalah sangat mengelirukan sehingga menyebabkan ramai
orang yang tidak bersalah dituduh sebagai ahli sihir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Maka pemerhatian dan perbincangan terhadap elemen keterangan dan pembuktian
adalah sama pentingnya dengan penggubalan undang-undang tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagaimana yang telah diperjelaskan dalam
bab sebelumnya, pembuktian merupakan satu proses untuk membuktikan sesuatu yang
telah dibawa untuk perhatian Mahkamah. Dalam erti kata yang lain, pembuktian
adalah merujuk kepada kepercayaan Mahkamah terhadap sesuatu fakta dalam kes
yang dibicarakan di Mahkamah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam bab ini, penulis akan membincangkan
tentang pembuktian sihir dalam kes mal atau sivil dan kes jenayah. Pembuktian
ini termasuklah bentuk-bentuk keterangan yang boleh digunakan dalam kes yang
berkaitan dengan sihir ataupun kes yang faktanya berkaitan dengan sihir.
Bahkan, bab ini akan turut membincangkan tentang darjah pembuktian bagi jenis
kes yang dibicarakan di Mahkamah serta perbincangan mengenai bentuk keterangan
yang boleh dikemukakan di Mahkamah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.1 Elemen Pembuktian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembuktian adalah kepercayaan Mahkamah
terhadap suatu fakta yang dikemukakan. Peruntukan seksyen 3 (2) Akta Keterangan
Mahkamah Syariah (Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1997<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>telah menyatakan:-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Dalam Akta ini – </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(a) suatu fakta dikatakan "terbukti sebaliknya" apabila,
setelah menimbangkan perkara-perkara di hadapannya, Mahkamah sama ada
mempercayai bahawa fakta itu tidak wujud atau berpendapat ketakwujudan fakta
itu adalah sebegitu mungkin sehingga seseorang yang berhemat patut, dalam
keadaan hal tertentu, bertindak atas anggapan bahawa fakta itu tidak wujud;<br />
<br />
(b) sesuatu fakta dikatakan "tidak terbukti" apabila fakta itu tidak
"terbukti" atau tidak "terbukti sebaliknya" mengikut Akta
ini;</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
(c) sesuatu fakta dikatakan "terbukti" apabila, setelah menimbangkan
perkara-perkara di hadapannya, Mahkamah sama ada mempercayai bahawa fakta itu
wujud atau berpendapat bahawa kewujudan fakta itu adalah sebegitu mungkin
sehingga seseorang yang berhemat patut, dalam keadaan hal tertentu, bertindak
atas anggapan bahawa fakta itu wujud.”</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peruntukan tersebut secara jelas
menunjukkan kesan kepercayaan Mahkamah terhadap satu fakta yang dikemukakan di
Mahkamah. Jika Mahkamah percaya fakta itu wujud, maka fakta tersebut telah
dibuktikan <i>(proved)</i>, jika Mahkamah tidak menerimanya sebagai keterangan,
maka fakta itu dikatakan dibuktikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sebaliknya <i>(disproved).</i> Jika sesuatu fakta itu tidak dapat
dibuktikan oleh mana-mana pihak, maka ia disebut sebagai tidak dibuktikan <i>(not
proved).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
</i>Pembuktian ini termasuklah pihak yang menanggung beban bukti, perpindahan
beban bukti dan darjah pembuktian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.1.1 Beban Bukti</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Siti Zalikhah Haji Md. Nor, beban
bukti ialah tanggungjawab yang terletak pada pihak yang berkaitan dengan sesuatu
fakta yang menjadi isu yang mesti ditunaikan jika pihak tersebut ingin memenangi
isu yang dipertikaikan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Secara umumnya beban bukti ini terbahagi kepada dua iaitu beban dari sudut
undang-undang dan beban dari sudut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mengemukakan keterangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam kes mal (sivil), beban bukti adalah
terletak kepada orang yang membuat tuntutan. Ini selaras dengan prinsip :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">البينة على المدعي واليمين على من انكر</span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prinsip ini
bermaksud pihak yang menuntut bertanggungjawab untuk mengemukakan bukti atau
keterangan (<i>bayyinah</i>) dan pihak yang kena tuntut dikehendaki bersumpah
untuk menafikan tuntutan tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Manakala dalam kes <i>Aishah Abd. Rauf<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lwn.
Wan Mohd Yusof</i><b> </b>berkaitan permohonan poligami, Jawatankuasa Rayuan telah
memutuskan bahawa beban bukti kemampuan berpoligami terletak atas pemohon (si
suami).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sumpah penafian tuntutan yang dilakukan oleh pihak yang kena tuntut adalah
merupakan contoh perpindahan beban bukti dalam kes mal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manakala
dalam kes jenayah, beban bukti terletak atas bahu pihak Pendakwa. Pendakwa
perlu mengemukakan keterangan kepada pihak Mahkamah sehingga Mahkamah menerima
fakta yang dikemukakan mencapai tahap kes prima facie. Selepas tahap prima
facie, maka pihak tertuduh akan dikehendaki untuk membela diri. Prosedur
pembelaan ini menyaksikan kewujudan perpindahan beban bukti daripada Pendakwa
kepada tertuduh untuk menafikan fakta yang telah dikemukakan oleh Pendakwa
sebelum ini. Jika fakta yang dikemukakan oleh Pendakwa tidak mencapai tahap prima
facie, maka tertuduh akan dilepas dan dibebaskan dari pertuduhan tersebut.</span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<b>4.1.2 Darjah
Pembuktian</b></div>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Darjah pembuktian bermaksud tahap atau piawai yang berkaitan dengan kepercayaan Mahkamah </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Syariah sama ada Mahkamah Syariah sendiri percaya kewujudan atau ketidakwujudan sesuatu fakta atau Mahkamah Syariah berpendapat kewujudan atau ketidakwujudan sesuatu fakta sebegitu mungkin sehingga orang yang berhemah akan bertindak berdasarkan kepada anggapan bahawa perkara yang dipertikaikan itu wujud atau tidak wujud. Darjah pembuktian boleh diklasifikasikan seperti berikut :- <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn7">[7]</a><br /><br /><br />(a) Yakin : 100 %<br /><br /><br />(b) Zan al-ghalib (besar kemungkinan/ berat sangka / tanpa keraguan yang munasabah): 90-99 %<br /><br /><br />(c) Zan (pertimbangan kemungkinan) : 51 – 89 %<br /><br /><br />(d) Syak : 50 %<br /><br /><br />(e) Waham : bawah 49 %<br /><br />Darjah pembuktian dalam kes mal adalah cukup sekadar pada tahap zan atau pertimbangan kemungkinan. Manakala dalam kes jenayah, darjah pembuktiannya mestilah berada pada tahap <i>ghalabah al-zan</i>. Ini kerana prinsip pembuktian dalam kes jenayah adalah melepasi tahap keraguan munasabah <i>(beyond reasonable doubt).</i></span></div>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.2
Pembuktian Sihir Dalam Kes Mal (Sivil)</span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gangguan
sihir ini bukan hanya boleh memberi implikasi jenayah, bahkan turut memberi
kesan dalam aspek hubungan kekeluargaan mahupun urusan kehartaan. Gangguan
dalam hubungan rumahtangga sebagai misalannya, suami atau isteri akan merasakan
muka pasangannya hodoh dan sering berlaku pertengkaran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ini merupakan antara simptom-simptom gangguan sihir. Maka, jika pihak yang
bertikai membawa isu gangguan sihir dalam mengukuhkan tuntutannya atau
menafikan tuntutan pihak yang menuntut, beban bukti adalah ditanggung padanya.
Dalam erti kata lain,pihak yang mendakwa gangguan itu wujud perlu mengemukakan
bukti dan keterangan kepada mahkamah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pembuktian
dalam kes mal tidaklah seberat pembuktian dalam kes jenayah. Ini kerana dalam
kes mal, keterangan berbentuk bayyinah sudah memadai untuk diterima oleh
Mahkamah Syariah. Ini dapat dilihat dalam pembuktian kes <i>Abdul Hanif</i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
dan kes <i>Shaheila Abdul Majid lwn Roslan Aziz</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> Apatah
lagi sihir ini memberi implikasi fizikal dan mental kepada mangsa sihir.
Keterangan dari mangsa dan orang yang menyaksikan sendiri kesan gangguan itu
boleh dikemukakan kepada mahkamah. Sungguhpun keterangan saksi tersebut
mempunyai sedikit tohmah atas dasar kekeluargaan atau pertalian darah. Ini
kerana tohmah tersebut tidak menjejaskan terus penerimaan keterangan saksi dan
ia masih berada pada tahap bayyinah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Atas dasar
peribadi, dendam, perasaan cemburu dan iri hati dengan seseorang, sihir seperti
sihir pembenci atau sihir pemisah sering digunakan bagi tujuan memisahkan atau
memecah-belah hubungan keluarga.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sihir-sihir tersebut boleh menyebabkan mangsa yang terkena sihir tersebut
mempunyai sikap dan rasa sering marah, timbul prasangka terhadap kepercayaan
pada pasangan, rasa ingin bercerai dan seumpamanya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
Harus diingat bahawa sihir ini tidak boleh hanya melafazkan dengan mulut
semata-mata tanpa bantuan jin dan beberapa peralatan sebagai medium
kebergantungan kepada jin atau khadam sihir. Menurut Dr. Mahyuddin Ismail,
peralatan atau bahan-bahan yang disediakan ini adalah simbolik kepada gambaran
kesan yang ingin dikenakan terhadap mangsa.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kebiasaan
bahan yang digunakan pengamal sihir untuk sihir pembenci atau pemisah adalah
seperti nama mangsa dan ibunya, rambut mangsa, gambar, kuku atau penggunaan
haiwan yang mencakar seperti tulang kucing atau anjing. Sebagai contoh
tulang-tulang tersebut akan dipuja terlebih dahulu, kemudian baru ditanam
dibawah rumah, atau diletakkan atas bumbung rumah atau di perkarangan rumah.
Dalam hal ini, jika mangsa menjumpai barangan berkaitan dengan pemujaan sihir,
maka barangan tersebut boleh dikemukakan kepada mahkamah sebagai bukti yang
bersifat qarinah terhadap kewujudan gangguan sihir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jika
diteliti dengan lebih mendalam tentang proses pemujaan sihir, para pengamalnya
dikehendaki untuk mengambil benda yang mempunyai perkaitan dengan identiti
mangsa seperti rambut, darah, kuku, pakaian dalam, baju dan seumpamanya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ini membawa kita kepada satu bidang saintifik yang sering digunakan dalam
mengenal pasti identity mangsa iaitu kaedah pemprofilan DNA. Jika barangan
seperti ini diperoleh dari individu yang mendapatkan khidmat ahli sihir mahupun
berada dalam milikan ahli sihir itu sendiri, maka ujian DNA boleh mengenalpasti
sama ada benda tersebut milik mangsa atau sebaliknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Situasi yang
dinukilkan dalam buku ‘<i>Ahli Sihir Ke Tali Gantung’</i> boleh dijadikan
rujukan. Isteri pertama kepada suami diubati oleh seorang bomoh akibat masalah
rumahtangga. Antara cara rawatannya adalah menjampi air mineral yang mempunyai
jari kaki manis kiri dan kanan isteri pertama tersebut bersama dengan tali
kerbau yang akan diberikan kepada suaminya untuk diminum.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sudah tentu rawatan bomoh tersebut mempunyai elemen sihir yang bertujuan
menundukkan suami mengikut arahan isteri seperti kerbau dicucuk hidungnya.
Ujian DNA boleh dijalankan ke atas kuku tersebut. Namun bagi mengelakkan supaya
orang yang tidak bersalah dituduh menyebabkan berlakunya gangguan sihir, maka
keterangan pakar perlu dikemukakan. Pakar yang dimaksudkan adalah pakar yang
mempunyai pengetahuan dan pengalaman dalam kes-kes sihir. Ini bertujuan untuk
mengenalpasti sama ada dakwaan dan keterangan yang dikemukakan di Mahkamah mempunyai
kesan yang selari terhadap mangsa sehingga menyebabkan pertikaian dibawa ke
perhatian mahkamah. Keperluan keterangan pakar bagi pembuktian sihir dalam kes
mal telah diperjelaskan sendiri <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam
keputusan rayuan kes <i>Mustafa Batcha</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebagaimana
yang telah dinyatakan sebelum ini, kes mal tidak memerlukan keterangan yang
sangat kukuh, sebaliknya cukup sekadar keterangan yang dikemukakan memberatkan
dakwaan tersebut berbanding sebaliknya. Ini kerana darjah pembuktian dalam kes
mal adalah pada pada tahap al-zan iaitu melepasi tahap pertimbangan munasabah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.3
Pembuktian Sihir Dalam Kes Jenayah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berbeza
dengan kes mal, sihir boleh dijadikan sebagai satu kesalahan dari sudut
jenayah. Ini kerana terdapat kegiatan sihir yang mempunyai hubungkait dengan kesalahan
yang telah diperuntukkan dalam Kanun Keseksaan. Antaranya seperti peruntukan
kesalahan yang boleh menyebabkan kematian, kecederaan, kemusnahan harta benda,
fitnah dan seumpamanya. Emmet V. Mittlebeeler pernah mengungkapkan bahawa “<i>sekiranya
kita semua menerima teori bahawa undang-undang jenayah diasaskan atas dasar
bahawa tindakan perlu diambil terhadap pelaku salah, maka ilmu sihir adalah
jenayah paling utama untuk diperangi.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam
membincangkan hal berkenaan kesalahan jenayah, maka sudah pasti perbincangan
mengenai elemen kesalahan jenayah itu sendiri perlu dikupas. Elemen kesalahan
jenayah yang dimaksudkan adalah <i>actus reus </i>dan <i>mens rea.</i> Elemen
ini berasaskan maksim perundangan yang juga prinsip bagi undang-undang jenyah
iaitu prinsip<i> actus non facit reum nisi mens sits rea</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
Prinsip ini menjelaskan tentang keadaan individu itu tidak disabitkan dengan
kesalahan jenayah melainkan perbuatan yang dilakukan adalah dalam keadaan
fikirannya waras dan sedar. Kebanyakan kesalahan jenayah memerlukan penglibatan
<i>actus reus</i> dan <i>mens rea</i> kecuali kesalahan yang melibatkan <i>strict
liability</i> yang hanya memerlukan elemen <i>actus reus.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Actus reus </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">adalah perbuatan yang mewujudkan liabiliti
jenayah. Sungguhpun begitu, <i>actus reus</i> yang diterima dalam undang-undang
jenayah bukan hanya dilihat dari sudut perbuatannya semata-mata, sebaliknya
juga melihat perbuatan itu memberi imlplikasi yang relevan dengan perbuatan itu
sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sebagai contoh perbuatan menembak dengan menggunakan pistol terhadap seseorang
belum dikira sebagai <i>actus reus </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagi kesalahan membunuh, sebaliknya jika
peluru hasil tembakan dari pistol itu menembusi anggota badan dan organ dalaman
sehingga menyebabkan kematian, barulah ia dianggap sebagai <i>actus reus.</i> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagi
mengenal pasti elemen <i>actus reus </i>dalam kesalahan jenayah sihir, maka
penelitian perlu dibuat terhadap <i>trend</i> atau cara amalan sihir itu
dilakukan. Terdapat beberapa proses yang perlu dijalankan antaranya adalah :</span><br />
<br />
(1)· Pemujaan dilakukan dengan bahan-bahan tertentu. Ini menunjukkan penglibatan makhluk halus dalam amalan sihir adalah penting untuk memastikan sihir itu dikenakan kepada mangsa. <br />
<br />
(2)· Membacakan mentera, atau memberi isyarat mahupun dengan menggunakan perbuatan yang mempunyai makna dan simbolik tertentu terhadap benda peribadi kepunyaan mangsa seperti rambut, kuku, darah, pakaian dan seumpamanya. Benda itu dipuja, dibakar, disimpul, dilaga-lagakan atau seumpamanya dengan tujuan memberi isyarat terhadap kesan yang diingini terhadap mangsa. <br />
<br />
(3)· Terdapat juga bahan-bahan sampingan yang lain seperti jarum, kaca dan seumpamanya. Jika jarum dicucuk kepada patung yang disimpul dengan rambut mangsa, maka ia memberikan gambaran kepada khadam sihir untuk melakukan kecederaan kepada mangsa sama seperti patung yang dicucuk jarum tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn21">[21]</a> <br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Semua
perbuatan tersebut boleh dijadikan sebagai sebahagian siri perbuatan yang
membentuk <i>actus reus</i> bagi kesalahan jenayah sebagaimana yang dinyatakan
dalam penghakiman kes <i>King Emperor v Nehal Mahto</i> :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“ When an
accused person commits two or more acts, closely, following upon and intimately
connected with each other, they cannot be separated and assigned, to one to one
intention and the other to another but both must ascribed to the original
intention which prompted the commission of those acts and without which neither
could have been done.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manakala <i>mens
rea</i> pula adalah niat jahat. <i>Mens rea </i>adalah elemen yang bersifat
mental yang boleh diistilahkan dalam bentuk niat mahupun kecuaian yang
menyebabkan perbuatan jenayah atau kesan perbuatan jenayah itu berlaku.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ujian bagi mengenal pasti <i>mens rea </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah dilihat dari sudut perbuatan atau siri
perbuatan pelaku jenayah itu sendiri. Ini adalah bertepatan dengan penghakiman
dalam kes Tham Kai Yau yang menyatakan “<i>intention is a matter of inference”.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Justeru,
pemerhatian <i>mens rea</i> dalam kesalahan jenayah sihir perlu diambil kira
terhadap kaedah penyihiran dan peralatan yang digunakan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>
Maka pembuktian <i>mens rea</i> berkaitan sihir di Mahkamah perlu menepati
pra-syarat berikut iaitu sihir tersebut dilakukan atas kemahuan sendiri dan
pihak yang mengenakan sihir ke atas mengsa mengetahui kesan perbuatannya itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ramai
beranggapan bahawa jenayah sihir ini berbeza dengan jenayah yang lain.
Hakikatnya jurang perbezaannya tidaklah begitu ketara kerana natijah perbuatan
jenayah itu adalah sama. Sebagai contoh, seorang mangsa ditembak mati oleh
rakannya dengan menggunakan pistol dan didapati motif pembunuhan itu adalah
kerana mangsa mungkir janji. Kesalahan itu tertakluk dibawah peruntukan seksyen
302 Kanun Keseksaan iatu membunuh dengan niat. Sama situasinya jika seorang
rakan mengenakan sihir jenis tuju-tuju iaitu satu jenis sihir yang boleh
mendatangkan kecederaan fizikal (juga boleh membawa maut) kepada mangsa dengan
motif yang sama iaitu mungkir janji. Natijah atau kesannya, kedua-dua mangsa meninggal
dunia dan rakan yang melakukan jenayah tersebut mempunyai niat untuk membunuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jika
diteliti secara kasar, mungkin terdapat perbezaan. Perbezaan pertama adalah
punca kematian, seterusnya jika proses autopsi atau bedah siasat dijalankan,
belum tentu mangsa yang disihir boleh diketahui punca kematiannya berbanding
mangsa yang ditembak. Bahkan perbezaan paling ketara adalah keadaan fizikal
mangsa. Namun, jika peneiltian dibuat secara mendalam, sudah pasti terdapat
persamaan yang lebih banyak berbanding perbezaan. Dr. Mahyuddin Ismail
membahagikan persamaan ini kepada empat perkara yang perlu diberi perhatian
iaitu :<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[26]</span></span></span></a></span><br />
<br />
1. Alatan yang digunakan <br />
<br />
2. Pelaku Jenayah <br />
<br />
3. Proses Perlaksanaan Jenayah <br />
<br />
4. Kesan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.3.1 Alatan
yang digunakan dalam Jenayah Biasa dan Sihir</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebagai
contoh dalam kesalahan seksyen 302 Kanun Keseksaan iaitu membunuh dengan niat
dengan menggunakan peralatan menembak seperti pistol. Mengacu pistol tidak
dianggap kesalahan bagi peruntukan ini sehinggalah dilepaskan beberapa das
tembakan ke arah mangsa. Jika ia tidak menepati sasaran, maka ia masih belum
dikategorikan sebagai kesalahan membunuh kecuali jika peluru yang dilepaskan
dari pistol itu menembusi organ dalaman mangsa sehingga terpancutnya darah yang
memenuhi paru-paru mangsa dan menyebabkan komplikasi kepada fungsi jantung
untuk mengawal tekanan darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Maka jika
dipadankan dengan amalan sihir yang memerlukan penglibatan makhluk halus dan
perlatan atau bahan sebagai simbolik kepada khadam sihir untuk mengenakan
gangguan fizikal kepada mangsa, ia tidak jauh bezanya. Makhluk halus atau
khadam sihir adalah senjata sama seperti kedudukan peluru yang menembusi organ
dalaman. Peluru dan mahkluk halus ini tidak akan boleh membawa kematian dan
kemudaratan tanpa digunakan bersama medium peralatan yang sesuai. Dalam hal
ini, pistol digunakan untuk melepaskan peluru yang berupaya menembusi organ
dalaman manusia, begitu juga dengan makhluk halus yang mana memerlukan proses
pemujaan dan ikatan perjanjian dengannya untuk makhluk halus tersebut menggunakan
keistimewaannya bagi melaksanakan suruhan si pemuja tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keistimewaan
ini diungkapkan dalam firman Allah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“<i>Golongan jin itu membuat untuk Nabi
Sulaiman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>apa yang dikehendaki daripada
beberapa bangunan yang tinggi, dan patung-patung, dan pinggan-pinggan hidangan
yang besar seperti kolam, serta periuk-periuk besar yang tetap di atas tukunya.
(Selepas itu Kami perintahkan), “Beramallah kamu wahai keluarga Daud supaya
bersyukur!” Sememangnya sedikit sekali antara hamba-hambaku yang bersyukur.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keistimewaan
yang lain yang ada pada mahkluk halus ini adalah seperti kemampuan menjelma
dalam segala bentuk, boleh meresapi ke saluran darah manusia, kemampuan
bergerak dalam masa yang singkat walupuan pada jarak yang jauh, kemampuan
mendapatkan khazanah bumi dan melakukan pembinaan bangunan besar. Resapan dalam
badan mangsa oleh khadam sihir adalah bertujuan untuk menguasai otak manusia.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ini kerana otak manusia mengawal kesemua pergerakan dan perbuatan yang ada pada
manusia itu sendiri. Ini juga bertujuan memudahkan mangsa mengalami gangguan
sebagaimana yang dikehendaki oleh penyihir yang digambarkan melalui bahan yang
digunakan seperti jarum yang dicucuk pada dada anak patung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sungguhpun
jenis dan bentuk alatan yang digunakan dalam sihir berbeza dengan senjata yang
digunakan dalam jenayah biasa, namun ia berkongsi persamaan tujuan, ciri dan
kesan. Malah, peralatan yang digunakan itu boleh digunakan untuk menjejaki
penjenayah yang menggunakannya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a>
Contohnya pakar forensik dengan menggunakan kaedah <i>Compositional Analysis of
Bullet Lead (CABL) </i>dengan menganalisis peluru yang diambil dari tubuh
mangsa dapat mengetahui jenis pistol bersama dengan pemiliknya. Sama seperti
jenayah siber, yang mana dapat diketahui lokasi penjenayah siber melalui kaedah
<i>Internet Protocol Adress.</i> Dalam erti kata lain, ia memerlukan pakar
dalam bidang tersebut untuk mengenalpasti siapa, mengapa dan bagaimana jenayah
itu dilakukan. Sama juga kaedahnya dalam menjejaki penjenayah sihir.<i> </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.3.2 Pelaku
Jenayah Sihir</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam
beberapa keadaan jenayah biasa, kebiasaannya penjenayah akan berada di lokasi
untuk memastikan jenayah yang dilakukannya adalah mencapai tujuan dan motif.
Namun, bagi sihir pula adalah sebaliknya. Ia tidak memerlukan pelaku atau
penyihir untuk berada berdekatan dengan mangsa, bahkan boleh berada jauh beribu
batu dari mangsa. Ini kerana sihir menggunakan perantaraan mahkluk halus yang
mempunyai keistimewaan sebagaimana yang telah dinyatakan sebelum ini. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Individu
yang mengenakan sihir ke atas individu lain kebiasaannya mengetahui atau
mengamalkan ilmu sihir itu sendiri. Ada juga invdividu yang mengupah khidmat
ahli sihir atau pawang mahupun bomoh untuk memuaskan dendam kesumat ke atas
pihak yang dibencinya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jika dilihat
dalam peruntukan seksyen 34 Kanun Keseksaan, ada menyatakan, “<i>Apabila
perbuatan jenayah dilakukan oleh beberapa orang bagi mencapai niat bersama
mereka semuanya, setiap daripada mereka itu adalah bertanggungjawab atas perbuatan
itu sama seperti seolah-olah perbuatan itu dilakukan olehnya seorang.” </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam erti
kata lain, individu yang mendapatkan khidmat bomoh untuk mengenakan sihir
kepada mangsa juga mempunyai liabiliti jenayah yang sama dengan bomoh tersebut.
Dr. Mahayuddin Ismail menggambarkan bomoh yakni individu yang memberi khidmat
sihir adalah sama seperti pembunuh upahan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bahkan seksyen 34 Kanun Keseksaan ini juga digunakan dalam penghakiman kes <i>Md.
Masud Rana Md. Mofiz.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[32]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.3.3 Proses
Perlaksanaan Jenayah Sihir</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Proses
perlaksanaan jenayah ini sebenarnya mempunyai empat peringkat. Peringkat
pertama adalah niat. Niat adalah sesuatu yang bersifat subjektif, tidak boleh diukur
dengan mata kasar namun boleh dinilai melalui perbuatannya. Niat jahat tanpa
disusuli dengan perbuatan belum dianggap sebagai satu jenayah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a>
Niat juga boleh dilihat dalam motif bagi suatu perbuatan jenayah seperti
cemburu, dengki, dendam, amarah, hasutan, desakan ekonomi seperti diupah atau
sekadar mencuba untuk memenuhi tuntutan amalan kebatinan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peringkat
kedua adalah persedian atau persiapan. Persediaan ini termasuklah persiapan
bahan dan kelengkapan pemujaan makhluk halus atau khadam sihir. Namun, bagi
pelanggan khidmat ahli sihir, kebiasaannya ahli sihir akan menyuruh pelanggan
tersebut untuk membawakan bahan-bahan kotor seperti darah anak dara, organ
dalaman kanak-kanak bawah umur dan kepala manusia.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peringkat
ketiga adalah percubaan melakukan sihir. Ini termasuklah pemujaan yang
dilakukan namun tidak mengenai sasaran atau terhalang akibat kesilapan dari
sudut bacaan pemujaan, mahupun pegangan agama yang kuat oleh mangsa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manakala
peringkat keempat adalah perlakuan jenayah yang lengkap. Liabiliti jenayah
wujud kepada ahli sihir mahupun yang menggunakan khidmat perantara yang lain
untuk mengenakan sihir jika sihir tersebut menyebabkan hak-hak individu yang
dijamin dalam undang-undang sudah terhakis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.3.4 Kesan
Sihir</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kesan atau
impilkasi sihir sama seperti jenayah biasa. Bahkan Kanun Keseksaan juga menyenaraikan
kesalahan yang membawa kesan yang serupa dengan gangguan sihir seperti
kematian, kecedaraan, hilang uapaya atau illat berpanjangan mahupun sementara,
cacat penglihatan dan pendengaran, patah dan seumpamanya. Adakalanya kesan
sihir ini melampaui kesan jenayah biasa. Bahkan punca bagi kesan perbuatan
sihir ini lebih sukar dikenal pasti berbanding jenayah biasa. Oleh itu,
seharusnya pembuktian sihir ini adalah sama seperti pembuktian kesalahan
jenayah biasa dan perlu melepasi tahap keraguan munasbah <i>(beyond reasonable
doubt).</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.4 Bentuk
Keterangan Dalam Pembuktian Sihir</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan
kepada penjelasan secara umum berkaitan pembuktian sihir dalam kes mal dan
jenayah sebelum ini, maka dapat disimpulkan bahawa terdapat beberapa bentuk
keterangan yang boleh dikemukakan dalam pembuktian sihir iaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1) Pengakuan (Iqrar)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Iqrar merupakan salah satu bentuk
keterangan yang disepakati oleh para ulama’.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a> Iqrar
adalah suatu bentuk pengakuan bagi membuktikan kewujudan hak orang lain ke atas
orang yang berikrar.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a>
Peruntukan berkaitan dengan iqrar ada termaktub dalam Akta Keterangan Mahkamah
Syariah Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan 1997 dari seksyen 17 hingga 19. Iqrar ini
juga mempunyai maksud dan fungsi yang sama dengan konsep <i>admission</i> atau
pengakuan menurut Akta Keterangan 1950.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara umumnya, setiap pengakuan yang
dibuat adalah mengikat orang yang membuat pengakuan tersebut. Ini kerana
pengakuan tidaklah boleh dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menentang orang lain.
Bahkan, suatu pengakuan mestilah bebas dari sebarang unsur yang menolak elemen
kesukarelaan seperti ugutan, dorongan atau perjanjian.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ini adalah selaras dengan peruntukan seksyen 24 Akta Keterangan 1950. Dalam kes
<i>Dato’ Mokhtar bin Hashim & Anor v Public Prosecutor</i> pula menambah
satu lagi elemen yang tidak boleh wujud dalam pengakuan iaiatu elemen
penindasan (<i>oppression).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[40]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
Dalam erti kata yang lain, iqrar adalah satu bentuk keterangan yang tidak perlu
dibuktikan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terdapat sebuah hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Ahmad dan Abu Daud
daripada Sahl bin Saad bahawa seorang lelaki telah datang kepada Rasulullah
S.A.W dan menyatakan bahawa dia telah berzina dengan seorang wanita. Rasulullah
S.A.W menghantar utusan kepada wanita tersebut untuk bertanya kepadanya tentang
apa-apa yang diiqrarkan oleh lelaki itu. Wanita tersebut menafikannya, maka
Rasulullah S.A.W tidak mengenakan hukuman keatas wanita yang didakwanya
melakukan bersama. Hadis ini menunjukkan iqrar itu hanya memberi kesan ke atas
orang yang melakukan iqrar sahaja.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam pembuktian kes sihir, bentuk
keterangan seperti pengakuan dalam kes mal (sivil) atau pengakuan salah dalam
kes jenayah oleh pelaku sama ada yang mendapatkan khidmat ahli sihir mahupun
pengamal sihir itu sendiri boleh mewujudkan liabiliti dari sudut undang-undang
ke atas pengakuan atau pengakuan salahnya sahaja tanpa mengambil kira
keterangan yang lain.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a> Harus
diingat bahawa pengakuan berbeza dengan pengakuan salah, yang mana pengakuan
boleh dibuat dalam kes mal (sivil) dan kes jenayah. Manakala pengakuan salah
hanya boleh dibuat oleh tertuduh dalam kes jenayah sahaja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebelum suatu pengakuan salah itu diterima,
Mahkamah akan memberi amaran tentang implikasi terhadap tertuduh akibat
pengakuan salah yang dibuat olehnya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a> Sungguhpun
pengakuan salah itu dibuat dalam kes jenayah, namun Mahkamah masih mempunyai
kewajipan untuk mencatatkan fakta-fakta berkaitan untuk tujuan penetapan
hukuman.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pengakuan mestilah dibuat dalam Mahkamah, jika dibuat di luar Mahkamah maka ia
tidak mempunyai kesan dari sudut undang-undang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jika diteliti penghakiman dalam kes <i>Pendakwa Syarie lwn Jalil
Embong</i>, Yang Arif Hakim Bicara menyatakan bahawa iqrar merupakan salah satu
pembuktian yang terkuat dalam hukum syara’.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bahkan tiada perselisihan pendapat ulama’ berkenaan kedudukan iqrar ini. Sebagaimana
firman Allah Taala :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Bahkan manusia itu menjadi saksi atas dirinya sendiri.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[47]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menjadi tanggungjawab pihak pendakwa untuk
membuktikan kesukarelaan pengakuan salah tertuduh dalam kes jenayah. Seandainya
Mahkamah membuat pertimbangan dan memutuskan bahawa terdapat elemen yang
menafikan kesukarelaan tertuduh dalam pengakuan salah tersebut, maka pihak
pendakwa perlu berusaha untuk mengangkat pertuduhan tersebut dan dibuktikan
sehingga wujud kes prima facie.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dr. Mahyuddin Ismail ada menjelaskan
tentang keperluan pihak pendakwa dalam membuktikan kes sihir sehingga mencapai
tahap prima facie. Keperluan yang dimaksudkan adalah seperti kematian mangsa,
kematian tersebut adalah implikasi amalan atau serangan sihir, pendapat pakar
menyokong bahawa tertuduh menggunakan ilmu sihir yang mampu membawa kematian
dan wujud elemen <i>mens rea</i> atau niat jahat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2) Keterangan Saksi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan saksi merupakan salah satu bentuk keterangan yang sering
digunakan dalam proses pembuktian di Mahkamah. Keterangan saksi ini termasuklah
ahli keluarga mahupun masyarakat yang menyaksikan sendiri kegiatan amalan sihir
ataupun menyaksikan gangguan sihir yang berlaku ke atas mangsa. Berdasarkan
seksyen 59 Akta Katerangan 1950 dan seksyen 46 Akta Keterangan Mahkamah Syariah
Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan 1997 memperuntukkan bahawa keterangan saksi ini
harus dikemukakan secara lisan. Keterangan yang dikemukakan oleh seseorang
saksi haruslah keterangan yang dilihat, atau didengarinya sendiri dan bukan diperolehi
dari pihak ketiga. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan pihak ketiga ini adalah salah satu bentuk keterangan
dengar cakap (<i>hearsay)</i> sedangkan keterangan saksi yang diterima di
Mahkamah adalah keterangan langsung. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan langsung merupakan satu bentuk keterangan
lisan yang diberikan oleh seorang saksi dalam Mahkamah berhubung suatu fakta
atau hak atau kejadian yang diperolehinya melalui pancainderanya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bahkan, saksi yang melihat kejadian atau proses pemujaan sihir boleh membuat
akuan bersumpah berkenaan dengan penyaksiannya berdasarkan seksyen 60 (1) (a)
Akta Keterangan 1950 dan seksyen 47 (1) (a) Akta Keterangan Mahkamah Syariah
Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan 1997.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam kes jenayah sihir, pihak yang
bertanggungjawab menggeledah, menyita atau merampas barangan mahupun yang
menjalankan siasatan boleh juga dikemukakan sebagai saksi. Kebiasaannya, saksi
jenis ini mempunyai kuasa yang diberikan undang-undang untuk menangkap,
menggeledah, merampas dan mencegah sesuatu jenayah iaitu pihak berkuasa seperti
anggota polis atau penguatkuasa agama. Bahkan catatan dalam buku laporan, atau
dokumen siasatan serta rakaman siasatan boleh digunakan sebagai salah satu
bentuk keterangan yang menyokong keterangan yang diberikan secara lisan oleh
mereka sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 35.45pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hakikatnya, seseorang individu itu
bertanggungjawab untuk mengemukakan keterangan sebagai saksi kepada pertuduhan
yang dibicarakan di Mahkamah. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Firman Allah :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 35.45pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Wahai orang-orang Yang beriman! hendaklah kamu menjadi orang-orang
Yang sentiasa menegakkan keadilan, lagi menjadi saksi (yang menerangkan
kebenaran) kerana Allah, sekalipun terhadap diri kamu sendiri, atau ibu bapa
dan kaum kerabat kamu. kalaulah orang (yang didakwa) itu kaya atau miskin (maka
janganlah kamu terhalang daripada menjadi saksi Yang memperkatakan kebenaran
disebabkan kamu bertimbang rasa), kerana Allah lebih bertimbang rasa kepada
keduanya. oleh itu, janganlah kamu turutkan hawa nafsu supaya kamu tidak
menyeleweng dari keadilan. dan jika kamu memutar-balikkan keterangan ataupun
enggan (daripada menjadi saksi), maka Sesungguhnya Allah sentiasa mengetahui
Dengan mendalam akan apa Yang kamu lakukan.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[50]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3)<b> </b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan Saksi Pakar (Ra’yu al-Khabir)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 35.45pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bagi mengenalpasti kewujudan sihir dalam
setiap pertikaian di Mahkamah, keterangan pakar harus dikemukakan bagi membantu
Mahkamah dalam membuat pertimbangan kes dalam bidang yang asing bagi Mahkamah.
Bahkan ia selaras dengan firman Allah :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 35.45pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Oleh itu, kamu perlu bertanya kepada
individu yang berpengathuan sekiranya kamu tidak mengetahui.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[51]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 35.45pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pakar dalam kes sihir ini boleh dibahagikan
kepada dua kategori. Kategori pertama adalah pakar saintifik seperti pakar
forensik. Ini bertujuan untuk membantu Mahkamah menjalankan uji kaji terhadap
bahan yang bersifat <i>biological sources</i> seperti darah, rambut, kuku dan
tengkorak, dan uji kaji terhadap bahan <i>non-biological sources </i>seperti
cat, kayu, jarum, kesan tapak kaki, minyak dan seumpamanya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[52]</span></span></span></span></a>
Keterangan pakar ini dapat menjelaskan perkaitan antara barangan yang digunakan
dengan pelaku ataupun mangsa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kategori
kedua pula adalah pakar dalam bidang ilmu sihir itu sendiri. Ia bukanlah
bermaksud pakar dari kalangan ahli sihir, sebaliknya pakar yang mempunyai
pengetahuan tentang gangguan sihir serta mempunyai pengalaman dalam menjalankan
rawatan pemulihan pesakit gangguan sihir. Menurut pendapat Ibnu Rifaah dari
mazhab Syafie, keterangan dari bekas ahli sihir yang sudah bertaubat boleh
diterima sebagai keterangan pakar.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[53]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bahkan Panel Rayuan dalam kes <i>Mustafa Batcha lwn Habeba Abd Rahman</i> juga
menyarankan supaya dukun yang merawat perayu dipanggil memberikan keterangan
berkaitan gangguan sihir yang dialami perayu. Ini menunjukkan keperluan
keterangan pakar dalam kes yang melibatkan elemen sihir. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bahkan keterangan pakar ini ada diperjelaskan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">oleh Prof Dr
Anwarullah sebagai salah satu bentuk keterangan yang diterima dalam Islam iaitu<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> :-</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">”The opinion of the expert has
been given great importance by the later Muslim jurists and they relied upon it
in all criminal and civil matters. It is stated in Majallah Al-Ahkam
al-Adliyyah, a civil codifield Law of Ottoman Empire of Turkey, that reports of
the skilled persons are acceptable as authentic testimony even if they did not
use the word Shahadah (testimony).”</span></i><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[54]</span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan Keadaan (Qarinah)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Qarinah bermaksud bukti atau segala wasilah
yang dibenarkan untuk dikemukakan di mahkamah dengan tujuan membuktikan
kewujudan sesuatu fakta atau sebaliknya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ia
juga bermaksud sebarang maklumat yang diperolehi daripada dokumen, benda atau
saksi yang boleh membuktikan kewujudan fakta tertentu. Qarinah boleh disama-ertikan
dengan keterangan keadaan (<i>circumstantial evidence).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[55]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Melalui bukti atau maklumat ini, kebenaran atau kepalsuan sesuatu
fakta yang dipertikaikan dapat dipastikan kedudukannya. Ini bermakna qarinah
adalah satu tanda jelas untuk membuktikan sesuatu fakta yang tersembunyi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[56]</span></span></span></span></a><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>Ini sebagaimana yang ditunjukkan dalam
firman Allah Taala :-</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“D</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">an
jika bajunya koyak dari belakang, maka dustalah perempuan itu, dan Yusuf adalah
dari orang-orang Yang benar”</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[57]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Qarinah juga boleh digunakan dalam membuktikan kewujudan <i>mens
rea</i> atau niat jahat. Contohnya dalam kes <i>Pendakwa Syarie Pahang lwn
V.V.Aboo a/l M. Ahammu </i>tentang kesalahan melawat tempat perjudian di
Genting Highland.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[58]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pendakwa telah menimbulkan isu niat tertuduh bukan semata-mata melawat kasino
tetapi mempunyai niat untuk berjudi. Pendakwa mengukuhkan pendakwaannya dengan
mengemukakan qarinah seperti tertuduh memakai baju batik iaitu syarat untuk
masuk berjudi di kasino tersebut dan tertuduh masuk ke kasino ‘bersama kawan’
dan bukan ‘mencari kawan’. Qarinah ini sudah cukup untuk meyakinkan Mahkmah
tentang niat tertuduh yang ingin berjudi di kasino tersebut. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Maka jika dilestarikan dalam pembuktian kes sihir, qarinah seperti
penyediaan bahan-bahan kotor seperti darah, najis, tengkorak dan seumpamanya
sudah cukup untuk membuktikan elemen niat jahat pelaku jenayah sihir itu
sendiri. Apatahlagi jika bahan-bahan pemujaan sihir itu dirampas dan disita
semasa dalam milikan seseorang, keadaan ini dapat membuktikan bahawa individu
tersebut merupakan pengamal sihir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"></span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beberapa siri
kejadian yang akhirnya membawa kepada serangan dan gangguan sihir juga boleh
dijadikan sebagai qarinah melalui aplikasi prinsip <i>res gestae.</i> Sebagai
contoh, mangsa menyebabkan pelaku jenayah sihir rasa cemburu dan iri hati. Ini
membawa kepada pelaku tersebut mengugut atau membuat isyarat yang difahami untuk
mengenakan sihir ke atas mangsa seperti menanam sesuatu di bawah rumah mangsa
atau mencalit sesuatu di tiang rumah mangsa. Selang beberapa hari, mangsa mengalami
gangguan aneh dan hidupnya tidak tenteram. Kemudian mangsa mula menujukkan
perubahan dari sudut fizikal atau mental akibat gangguan tersebut. Berasaskan
perinsip <i>res gestae,</i> perasaan iri hati dan ugutan melalui isyarat yang
difahami untuk melakukan serangan sihir ke atas mangsa boleh dijadikan qarinah
kepada gangguan atau jenayah sihir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[59]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.5
Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Elemen
pembuktian dan keterangan dalam undang-undang berkaitan sihir adalah penting
bagi menjaga keadilan bagi pihak-pihak yang bertikai. Bahkan ia juga bertujuan
untuk mengawal tabiat menuduh seseorang tanpa bukti yang kukuh terutamanya
dalam bab sihir. Mengemukakan keterangan yang sesuai adalah satu kemestian
supaya setiap pertikaian yang dibawa ke perhatian Mahkamah menepati piawai
beban dan darjah pembuktian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sejarah
telah membuktikan bahawa pelbagai undang-undang berkaitan sihir telah
dimansuhkan akibat salah faham tentang penggunaan keterangan yang bersesuaian.
Apatahlagi kekurangan pakar yang dapat menjelaskan secara terperinci kedudukan
pembuktian bagi kesalahan sihir yang seharusnya dibuktikan sama seperti jenayah
biasa, dan bukan satu jenayah yang misteri. Secara perbandingan mudah, jenayah
sihir sama keadaannya dengan jenayah siber. Tidak siapa tahu pelaku jenayahnya
sehingga pakar dalam bidang masing-masing menjalankan siasatan. Bahkan
perlakuan jenayahnya tidak memerlukan pelakunya berada di lokasi kejadian. Bagi
jenayah siber melalui kaedah <i>Internet Protocol Adress</i> bagi mengesan
lokasi pelaku jenayah siber. Begitu juga jenayah sihir yang mempunyai kaedahnya
yang tersendiri.</span></div>
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<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
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<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<u><b><i>RUJUKAN & NOTA KAKI</i></b></u></div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mahyuddin Ismail, 2011,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ahli Sihir Ke
Tali Gantung</i>. Kuala Lumpur : PTS Publication. hlm. 266<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ruzman Md. Noor. 2007. <i>Pembuktian di Mahkamah Syariah,</i> dlm Undang-Undang
Islam di Malaysia : Prinsip dan Amalan, Ahmad Hidayat Buang et. al. Kuala
Lumpur : Penerbit Universiti Malaya. hlm. 176.<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid. hlm. 176.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Siti Zalikhah Haji Md Nor, 2006, <i>Beberapa Aspek dalam Undang-Undang
Keterangan Islam,</i> dlm al-Syariah : Undang-Undang Keterangan Islam, Jilid 3,
Siti Zalikhah Haji Md Nor et. al. Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. hlm.
4.<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Al-Kasaniy, 1998, <i>al-Bada’i
al-Sana’I,</i> Jil. 5, Cetakan Ketiga, Beirut : Dar Ihya’ al-Turath, hlm. 337.</span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Aishah Abd. Rauf <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lwn. Wan Mohd Yusof (1991) JH VII/II 152</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ruzman Md. Noor (2007). <i>Pembuktian Dalam Kes Harta Sepencarian di Mahkamah
Syariah di Malaysia.</i> Jurnal Syariah (15:1) h. 39</div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Abdul Basir Mohammed, <i>Amalan
sihir & ayat-ayat al-Qur’an : Perbezaan serta kesannya terhadap amalan
perubatan,</i> 1999, Kuala Lumpur : Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia, hlm. 186</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Abdul Hanif lwn Rabiah (1996) 11 JH
47</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
Jurnal Syariah 8:2 (2000), hlm. 155-160</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Amran Kasimin, 2009, <i>Sihir Suatu
Amalan Kebatinan,</i> Bangi : Penerbit UKM, hlm. 113</span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Wahid Abdussalam al-Baaly & Daud
Mohd Sallleh, 1994, <i>Bagaimana menentang ilmu hitam, </i>Johor Bahru :
Penerbitan al-Masyhur Sdn. Bhd. hlm. 58-59</span></div>
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<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mahyuddin Ismail, 2011,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ahli Sihir Ke
Tali Gantung</i>. Kuala Lumpur : PTS Publication. hlm. 58<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibrahim Muhammad Jamal, 1982, <i>Haqiqat
al-Sihr : Dirasah fi zilali qisasi Qur’ani qa sirah nabawiyyah,</i> Kaherah :
Maktabah Qur’an, hlm. 55-57</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mahyuddin Ismail, 2011, <i>Op. cit., </i>hlm. 61-62<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mustafa Batcha lwn Habeba Abd Rahman
(1410 H) JH 41</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Emmet V. Mittlebeeler, 1976, <i>African
Custom and Western Law : The Development of Rhodesian Criminal Law for
Africans,</i> New York : African Publishing Company, hlm. 135</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">J.C. Smith & Brian Hogan, 1996, <i>Criminal
Law,</i> Ed. 8, London : Butterworth & Co. Ltd. hlm. 30</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Zaleha Kamaruddin, 1998,<i> Strict
Liability in Criminal Law : A Comparative Approach, </i>Ed. Pertama, Kuala
Lumpur : Nurin Enterprise,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hlm. 29</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">J.C. Smith & Brian Hogan, 1996, <i>Op.
cit.,</i> hlm. 23</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Amran Kasimin, 2009, <i>Sihir Suatu
Amalan Kebatinan,</i> Bangi : Penerbit UKM, hlm. 123-125</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">King Emperor v Nehal Mahto (1939) 1
LR Vol. XVIII, hlm. 485</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Glanville Williams, 1961, <i>Criminal
Law</i>, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., London : Stevens & Sons, hlm. 31</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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MLJ 174, hlm. 176</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mahyuddin Ismail, 2011,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ahli Sihir Ke
Tali Gantung</i>. Kuala Lumpur : PTS Publication. hlm. 115<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid. hlm. 100</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Khairul Ghazali, 2001, <i>Rupa &
Wajah Iblis Laknatullah,</i> Kuala Lumpur : Darul Nu’man, hlm. 21-22</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Al-Qur’an, <i>Surah Saba’</i> 34 :
13</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Amran Kasimin, 1997, <i>Amalan Sihir
Masyarakat Melayu: Satu Analisis,</i> Kuala Lumpur : Percetakan Watan Sdn.
Bhd., hlm. 132-133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mahyuddin Ismail, 2011,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ahli Sihir Ke
Tali Gantung</i>. Kuala Lumpur : PTS Publication. hlm. 102<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid. hlm. 104</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Md. Masud Rana Md. Mofiz v Razaul
Karim Md. Soleman (2008) 1 LNS 162</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">J.C. Smith & Brian Hogan, 1996, <i>Criminal
Law,</i> Ed. 8, London : Butterworth & Co. Ltd. hlm. 32</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">John D. Gimlette, 1971, <i>Malay
Poisons & Charm Cures,</i> Kuala Lumpur : Oxford University Press, hlm. 2</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">William Shaw, 1975, <i>Aspect of
Malaysian Magic, </i>Kuala Lumpur : Muzium Negara, hlm. 67</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mahyuddin Ismail, 2011,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ahli Sihir Ke
Tali Gantung</i>. Kuala Lumpur : PTS Publication. hlm. 107<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mahmud Saedon, 1996, <i>An
Introduction to Islamic Law of Evidence, </i>Hizbi, hlm. 7</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ruzman Md. Noor. 2007. <i>Pembuktian di Mahkamah Syariah,</i> dlm Undang-Undang
Islam di Malaysia : Prinsip dan Amalan, Ahmad Hidayat Buang et. al. Kuala
Lumpur : Penerbit Universiti Malaya. hlm. 175<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jal Zabdi Mohd Yusoff, 2008, <i>Pengenalan
Kepada Undang-Undang Keterangan di Malaysia,</i> Kuala Lumpur : Penerbit
Universiti Malaya, hlm. 58</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dato’ Mokhtar Bin Hashim & Anor v Public Prosecutor (1983) 2 MLJ 232</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>
Seksyen 45 (1) Akta Keterangan Mahkamah Syariah Wilayah-Wilayh Persekutuan
1997; Seksyen 50 Akta Keterangan 1950.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a>
Al-Shaukani, Muhammad bin Ali bin Muhammad, 1961, <i>Nayl Al-Awtar</i>, Mustafa
Al-Rabi Al-Halabi, Mesir, hlmn 112.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Juraimi Husin v Public Prosecutor
(1998) 1 MLJ 537</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Teoy Say Eng, 2004, <i>Malaysian
Criminal Litigation Manual, </i>Kelana Jaya : Malayan Law Journal, hlm. 83</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ruzman Md. Noor. 2007. <i>Pembuktian di Mahkamah Syariah,</i> dlm Undang-Undang
Islam di Malaysia : Prinsip dan Amalan, Ahmad Hidayat Buang et. al. Kuala
Lumpur : Penerbit Universiti Malaya. hlm. 194<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pendakwa Syarie lwn. Jalil Embong
dan Zaliha Endut (2004) JH XVII/I 93-121</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a>
Al-Qur’an, <i>Surah al-Qiyamah </i>75 :14</div>
</div>
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Mahyuddin Ismail, 2011,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ahli Sihir Ke
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Naufal Tarmizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18171464018688486581noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7724524930660709206.post-75578332381030378222012-12-10T09:00:00.001-08:002012-12-10T19:36:17.288-08:00Kedudukan Sihir Dalam Institusi Masyarakat dan Perundangan<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(Petikan Bab 3 Latihan Ilmiah 'Sihir : Pembuktian Di Mahkamah')</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.1 PENGENALAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sihir berasal dari perkataan <i>as-sahar</i>
( </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">السحر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
) iaitu bermaksud masa antara akhir malam dan awal siang.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Defenisi ini menggambarkan bahawa sihir itu ada persamaannya dengan kegelapan
malam yakni suatu waktu yang sukar untuk dilihat secara jelas dengan mata
kasar. Menurut Kamus Dewan, ilmu sihir ini diperincikan kepada ilmu guna-guna<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>,
mantera, ilmu pukau<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>,
ilmu tuju-tuju<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
dan sebagainya yang dapat menyakiti ataupun mempesona orang.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bahkan Allah Taala telah berfirman :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Mereka
(membelakangkan Kitab Allah) dan mengikut ajaran-ajaran sihir Yang dibacakan
oleh puak-puak Syaitan Dalam masa pemerintahan Nabi Sulaiman, padahal Nabi
Sulaiman tidak mengamalkan sihir Yang menyebabkan kekufuran itu, akan tetapi
puak-puak Syaitan itulah Yang kafir (dengan amalan sihirnya); kerana merekalah
Yang mengajarkan manusia ilmu sihir dan apa Yang diturunkan kepada dua
malaikat: Harut dan Marut, di negeri Babil (Babylon), sedang mereka berdua
tidak mengajar seseorang pun melainkan setelah mereka menasihatinya Dengan
berkata: "Sesungguhnya Kami ini hanyalah cubaan (untuk menguji imanmu),
oleh itu janganlah Engkau menjadi kafir (dengan mempelajarinya)". Dalam
pada itu ada juga orang-orang mempelajari dari mereka berdua: ilmu sihir Yang
boleh menceraikan antara seorang suami Dengan isterinya, padahal mereka tidak
akan dapat sama sekali memberi mudarat (atau membahayakan) Dengan sihir itu
seseorang pun melainkan Dengan izin Allah. dan sebenarnya mereka mempelajari
perkara Yang hanya membahayakan mereka dan tidak memberi manfaat kepada mereka.
dan Demi Sesungguhnya mereka (kaum Yahudi itu) telahpun mengetahui Bahawa
sesiapa Yang memilih ilmu sihir itu tidaklah lagi mendapat bahagian Yang baik
di akhirat. Demi Sesungguhnya amat buruknya apa Yang mereka pilih untuk diri
mereka, kalaulah mereka mengetahui.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></i></div>
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<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam ayat tersebut telah dijelaskan bahawa
ilmu sihir telah menapak dalam peradaban manusia sejak dari zaman kewujudan
bandar Babylon dan ia diajarkan kepada manusia oleh syaitan sebelum diturunkan
malaikat Harut dan Marut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Namun begitu, para sejarawan mempunyai pendapat yang berbeza dalam
mengenalpasti zaman permulaan kewujudan amalan sihir dalam masyarakat. Menurut
sejarawan Islam, ilmu sihir ini telah bertapak bermula pada zaman Nabi Idris
(a.s.) yakni sewaktu malaikat Harut dan Marut<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
diturunkan di negeri Babylon.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam bab ini, penulis akan memfokuskan
amalan sihir dalam kehidupan masyarakat di dunia. Ilmu sihir ini sememangnya
telah menjadi salah satu ciri signifikan kepada kehidupan manusia. Ini
dibuktikan dengan kemunculan pelbagai kepercayaan kepada semangat atau hantu
seperti animisme dan kemunculan pelbagai artifak dan monumen sejarah berkaitan
dengan teks, peralatan serta upacara ritual yang hampir sama dengan amalan
pelaksanaan sihir pada hari ini.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahkan dalam bab ini juga akan dijelaskan
kedudukan dan penerimaan sihir dalam statut dan undang-undang yang pernah
digunapakai oleh beberapa tamadun dan negara. Terdapat beberapa undang-undang
yang pernah digunapakai untuk mengekang amalan sihir. Antaranya adalah seperti yang
termaktub dalam Kod Visigoth yang melabelkan amalan sihir sebagai kesalahan <i>idolatory</i>
(ajaran sesat) dan hukumannya adalah diikat di pancang dan dibakar. Namun Kod
Visigoth hanya digunakan dalam kesalahan yang berkaitan dengan kesalahan agama
Kristian atau lebih dikenali kesalahan <i>ecclesiastical </i>kerana amalan
sihir bukan satu kesalahan besar menurut <i>common law.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Ini
ditambah lagi dengan kata-kata Martin Luther, seorang tokoh pemikir Barat iaitu:</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“One should show no mercy to these [women];
I would burn them myself, for we read in the Law that the priests were the ones
to begin the stoning of the criminal.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ia bermaksud <i>“Kamu tidak patut
menunjukkan rasa kasihan kepada pengamal sihir; aku sendiri akan membakar
mereka, kerana kita tahu di dalam undang-undang, paderi adalah orang yang
mula-mula akan merejam batu kepada penjenayah”.</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bahkan Saidina Umar al-Khattab sendiri pernah
menetapkan hukuman bunuh ke atas ahli sihir sama ada lelaki atau wanita
berasaskan amalan para sahabat di mana para sahabat pernah membunuh tiga orang
ahli sihir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.2 KEDUDUKAN SIHIR DALAM MASYARAKAT</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Setiap lapisan komuniti masyarakat di
mana-mana negara di dunia mempunyai gelaran tersendiri yang diberikan kepada
pengamal teknik luar biasa dalam bidang tertentu terutamanya dalam bidang
rawatan tradisional. Umumnya di kawasan Nusantara terutamanya Malaysia, gelaran
seperti bomoh, pawang, tok batin dan dukun adalah tidak asing bagi masyarakat setempat.
Bahkan negara-negara di benua lain turut mempunyai gelaran tersendiri bagi
golongan pengamal ilmu luar biasa ini. Contohnya <i>witchdoctor, sorcerer,
sangoma,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
toa mali<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></b></span></span></span></a>,
jhakri </i>dan pelbagai lagi gelaran yang diberikan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sungguhpun gelaran ini diberikan kepada individu
yang mempunyai kepakaran luar biasa, namun tidak semuanya menjurus kepada ahli
sihir. Ada juga antara golongan ini mempunyai kepakaran luar biasa dengan hanya
menggunakan teknik petua orang terdahulu seperti rawatan dengan herba dan
tumbuhan semula jadi. Bahkan tidak semua dari mereka mahu dipanggil ahli sihir
kerana panggilan tersebut adalah bersifat pesimistik dan negatif dalam hierarki
masyarakat. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adalah menjadi suatu perkara yang janggal
apabila pengamal sihir itu sendiri mengaku bahawa dia adalah ahli sihir. Jarang
sekali wujud pengakuan dari mulut pengamal sihir tentang amalan sihir yang
dilakukannya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Faktor ketiadaaan pengakuan inilah yang menjadikan masyarakat gemar mendapatkan
perkhidmatan dari pengamal sihir bagi memenuhi keperluan atau kehendak
tersendiri. Ini kerana pandangan negatif masyarakat terhadap ahli sihir hanya
akan wujud apabila pandangan berkenaan terhadap orang yang disyaki ahli sihir
itu dikongsi bersama dengan ahli masyarakat yang lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Masyarakat sememangnya memandang ilmu sihir
sebagai satu ilmu hitam dan bertentangan dengan norma kehidupan manusia biasa.
Namun, ada kalanya masyarakat terpedaya dengan tipu helah pengamal sihir dengan
pelbagai identiti yang mampu memupuk kepercayaan dalam kalangan anggota
masyarakat setempat seperti imej keagamaan, kekayaan dan berpengaruh. Abdul
Basir Mohamed ada menjelaskan bahawa keadaan tersebut adalah tidak ubah seperti
seorang pekerja yang menggunakan nama baik jabatan bagi melakukan perkara yang
merosakkan imej jabatan itu sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sungguhpun pengamal sihir dan pengamal
perubatan tradisional sering dikaitkan oleh masyarakat sebagai golongan yang
sama, namun hakikatnya adalah berbeza. Ini kerana pengamal sihir mempunyai
kaedah pembelajaran yang tersendiri dan semestinya memerlukan persepakatan
antara manusia dan jin.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
Manakala pengamal perubatan tradisional pula menjalankan kaedah perawatannya
berdasarkan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang dipelajarinya oleh masyarakat
terdahulu tanpa perantaraan makhluk ghaib.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Oleh itu, dapat disimpulkan bahawa
masyarakat sememangnya memandang negatif dan menolak sekeras-kerasnya amalan
sihir, namun dalam masa yang sama, mereka juga menyokongnya tanpa sedar. Hal
ini berlaku kerana masyarakat sering terkeliru antara amalan yang dikatakan
sihir dengan amalan perubatan secara tradisional. Ini dapat dilihat dalam
sejarah perkembangan sihir itu sendiri.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.2.1 Amalan Sihir Dalam Tamadun Awal
Manusia</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Masyarakat Sumeria dalam Tamadun
Mesopotamia sering dikenali sebagai masyarakat pertama mengetahui tentang
taktik peperangan, mampu meramal tindakan ketenteraan berasaskan tilikan dan
tidak mempunyai cita-cita untuk berperang. Bahkan tamadun ini juga dikenali
dengan ilmu astronomi seperti ilmu mengenali pergerakan bintang dan
planet-planet. Hakikatnya ilmu itu disalahgunakan bagi tujuan sihir. Pengaruh
amalan sihir ini merasuk setiap pelusuk penjuru negara kota Mesopotamia tanpa
mengira lapisan hierarki negara kota. Walter Farber menjelaskan bahawa golongan
bangsawan dalam tamadun ini menguasai ilmu sihir kerana meraka mampu membaca
mentera sihir secara bertulis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kepercayaan mereka banyak dipengaruhi dengan bentuk sihir yang diamalkan iaitu
berasaskan pergerakan bintang-bintang ataupun planet tertentu. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Contohnya penyembahan berhala yang mewakili
Musytari adalah bertujuan untuk memperoleh kebaikan, penyembahan Marikh pula
dilakukan jika mereka mahukan kebakaran dan penyakit taun, manakala pemujaan
patung Zuhal adalah bagi tujuan memohon kematian, bala bencana dan peperangan
ke atas seseorang.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> Bahkan
rawatan yang dilakukan pada zaman tersebut mempunyai hubungkait dengan upacara
keagamaan yang dicampur aduk dengan ilmu sihir. Contohnya seperti menghalau
roh-roh jahat yang memasuki badan dengan menilik pergerakan bintang bagi
menentukan sama ada pesakit tersebut sembuh atau sebaliknya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
Amalan sihir ini berkembang luas dan menunjangi kehidupan masyarakatnya
sehingga Allah Taala mengutuskan Nabi Ibrahim, mereka tetap menolak dakwah Nabi
Ibrahim dan memandang rendah mukjizat yang ditunjukkan. Bahkan mereka sanggup
membuang Nabi Ibrahim ke dalam api.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagi tamadun yang sering dikaitkan sebagai
tempat perkembangan pelbagai ilmu mistik yakni Tamadun Mesir, pengaruh amalan
sihir dalam masyarakatnya juga berkembang luas sama seperti dalam Tamadun
Mesopotamia. Menurut catatan sejarah ada menyatakan bahawa hampir kesemua
masyarakat pada zaman tersebut memakai tangkal dan azimat yang dibekalkan oleh
ahli sihir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bahkan ada antara raja atau Firaun yang memerintah tamadun ini mengamalkan ilmu
sihir itu sendiri seperti Firaun Niktanibas.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ilmu sihir dalam tamadun ini boleh
dikategorikan kepada dua jenis iaitu pertama adalah sihir bagi tujuan kebaikan
dan manfaat, dan kedua adalah sihir untuk mendatangkan keburukan dan
malapetaka.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bahkan dalam kaedah rawatan dan perubatan juga digunakan amalan jampi ilmu
sihir. Antara yang terkenal dengan menggunakan kaedah rawatan ini adalah
seperti Imhotep, Horus dan Isis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>
Hanya setelah pengutusan Nabi Musa dan dibantu Nabi Harun bersama mukjizat yang
diberikan oleh Allah Taala ke tamadun ini, barulah masyarakatnya mula sedar
tentang keburukan ilmu sihir.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagi Tamadun Yunani dan Rom pula, perkembangan
kemajuan yang dicapai oleh negara kota dan pusat Bandar seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Athens, Sparta dan Olymphia telah menyebabkan
berlakunya perkembangan pesat dalam pengkajian terhadap kebudayaan tamadun
sebelumnya. Antaranya adalah seperti kajian berkaitan dengan bidang perubatan
dalam Tamadun Mesir dan Babylon yang banyak menggunakan elemen sihir untuk
merawat pesakit.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pada zaman kegemilangan Rom, ahli sihirnya dikenali dengan kebolehan mengenakan
sihir kepada seseorang dengan menyebabkan lidahnya kelu dan tidak bermaya,
serta boleh menimbulkan permusuhan dengan menyeru roh individu yang sudah mati.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.2.2 Amalan Sihir Dalam Masyarakat Moden</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hakikat yang perlu diketahui adalah amalan
sihir ini merupakan amalan turun-temurun. Dalam erti kata lain, kaedah
pembelajaran dan pengamalannya tidak banyak yang berubah. Bahkan para sejarawan
mengakui bahawa ilmu sihir ini berpunca daripada satu sumber dan diamalkan di
seluruh dunia. Ini dibuktikan melalui persamaan formula atau mentera ilmu sihir
yang terdapat dalam satu teks sihir dari Semenanjung Tanah Arab yang dikenali <i>Picatrix</i>
dengan formula yang dicatatkan dalam buku <i>A Mannual of Demonic Magic </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang kini dipamerkan di Muzium Negeri Bavaria
Munich, Jerman<i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam buku tersebut ada dinyatakan tentang
peralatan yang digunakan dalam amalan sihir seperti pisau, jarum, patung,
bahan-bahan kotor seperti najis, darah burung, gambar atau barang peribadi
mangsa, tulang atau tengkorak, tali simpulan dan kain berwarna. Peralatan yang
dinyatakan ini tidak jauh bezanya dengan peralatan yang digunakan oleh ahli
sihir pada masa kini. Ini diperkuatkan lagi dengan firman Allah Taala berkenaan
dengan tali simpulan yang digunakan dalam kaedah sihir. Firman-Nya:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">"Dan dari kejahatan makhluk-makhluk Yang
menghembus-hembus pada simpulan-simpulan (dan ikatan-ikatan);</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perkembangan agama Islam dalam masayarakat
di Tanah Melayu banyak mengubah kepercayaan masyarakatnya yang selama ini
mempercayai animisme dan kuat berpegang kepada ajaran Hindu-Buddha. Walaupun
akidah dan kepercayaan masyarakat Melayu adalah berasaskan kepada mentauhidkan
Allah, namun terdapat beberapa amalan yang masih dipengaruhi ajaran
Hindu-Buddha dan ia masih diamalkan oleh sebahagian daripada masyarakat. Contohnya
amalan ancak atau acak iaitu upacara sembahan makanan kepada saka. Bahkan
pengamal sihir di rantau ini gemar memberikan gelaran kepada jin, syaitan dan
iblis dengan nama yang boleh menggaburi mata masyarakat tempatan seperti
gelaran <i>dewa, dewi, mambang, Rijalul Ghaib, penunggu, semangat, khadam ayat </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan sebagainya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Pak Engku Ansaruddin Agus, sihir
pada masa kini mempunyai jenis dan namanya yang pelbagai. Antaranya adalah
tuju-tuju, santau, susuk, pukau, sihir pemisah, sihir pembenci, sihir pengasih,
sihir gangguan penyakit mental dan fizikal, sihir hubungan suami isteri, sihir
wanita, sihir ilmu kekuatan diri dan sihir yang melibatkan objek.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bahkan kesan sihir ini boleh dilihat kepada mangsa seperti penyakit <i>bell’s
palsy,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[32]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
sawan atau <i>epilepsy,</i> penyakit <i>chronic arthritis (</i>sakit sendi
berpanjangan)<i>, chronic fibromygalgia</i> (sengal otot berpanjangan), <i>skizofrenia,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[33]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
anxiety disorder</i> (penyakit kerisauan) dan <i>major depression </i>(kemurungan
berpanjangan). Manakala di Indonesia, ilmu sihir yang sering digunakan adalah
seperti ilmu santet,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a>
ilmu teluh<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a>,
ilmu tenung,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>
dan biring.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Amalan sihir dalam masyarakat moden pada
hari ini tidak banyak bezanya dengan masyarakat dalam Tamadun Awal Manusia.
Masyarakat moden juga ada yang masih memakai tangkal dan azimat, ada juga yang
mempercayai tilikan berasaskan pergerakan bintang seperti zodiak, mempercayai
semangat jahat seperti yang dinyatakan dalam prinsip Yin dan Yang atau
fengshui, dan amalan sihir ini lebih dikenali sebagai ilmu hitam atau <i>black
magic.</i> Bahkan masyarakat beragama Hindu menggunakan <i>yantra<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[38]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
dan mantra<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[39]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
bagi melindungi diri dari roh jahat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam kes Mona Fandey, fakta kes yang
menunjukan pembunuhan yang dilakukan terhadap ahli politik adalah berasal dari
upacara pemujaan makhluk halus atau amalan sihir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>
Antara cara upacara itu dilakukan adalah seperti cara penyucian dengan
menggunakan air bunga-bungaan, kepala mangsa dipenggal, anggota badan
diceraikan serta ditanam secara berasingan.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.3 KEDUDUKAN SIHIR DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Undang-undang digubal bertujuan untuk
mengekang sebarang perbuatan atau tinggalan yang boleh menjejaskan hak
seseorang. Penggubalan ini penting bagi menjaga kepentingan masyarakat daripada
terjebak atau mengalami kesan perbuatan atau tinggalan seseorang. Amalan sihir,
walaupun sejarah memperlihatkan bahawa ia pernah menjadi amalan masyarakat,
namun amalan sihir ini masih mempunyai keburukan yang boleh menjejaskan hak
asasi manusia. Oleh itu penggubalan terhadap undang-undang bagi mengekang
perkembangan amalan sihir adalah satu kemestian dan wajar digubal.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada masa kini, tidak terdapat peruntukan
khas mahupun statut khusus berkaitan dengan amalan sihir di dunia terutamanya
di Malaysia kecuali di beberapa buah negara Afrika dan Arab Saudi. Punca
ketiadaannya sama ada ketiadaan pakar dalam menghuraikan keterangan yang perlu
dikemukakan di Mahkamah sehingga menyebabkan undang-undang berkaitan
dimansuhkan, ataupun persepsi yang menafikan kewujudan ilmu sihir dalam era
modenisasi ini.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a>
Antara negara yang pernah atau masih mempunyai undang-undang khas berkaitan
dengan amalan sihir adalah seperti :</span></div>
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<br />
1. Babylon semasa pemerintahan Raja Hammurabi, <br />
<br />
2. Rom semasa pemerintahan Julius Caesar, <br />
<br />
3. Australia di beberapa buah negeri seperti Queensland, New South Wales, ACT, Selatan Australia, Tasmania dan Victoria, <br />
<br />
4. Negara Eropah seperti England, <br />
<br />
5. Negara Afrika seperti Tanzania, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Uganda dan Zimbabwe, <br />
<br />
6. Negara Asia seperti Arab Saudi dan China<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.3.1 Undang-Undang berkaitan sihir di
Babylon</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Babylon merupakan salah satu era
pemerintahan yang terkenal dalam Tamadun Mesopotamia. Babylon terbina setelah
masyarakat Sumeria ditawan oleh tentera Amorates. Antara pemerintah terkenal
Babylon adalah Raja Hammurabi yang hidup bermula dari tahun 1810 sehingga 1750
sebelum masihi. Semasa pemerintahan Raja Hammurabi, Babylon masih dikuasai oleh
pengaruh ilmu sihir. Bimbang dengan pengaruh dan keburukan amalan sihir ini,
maka Raja Hammurabi telah mengarahkan supaya satu kod undang-undang
diperkenalkan bagi mengekang amalan sihir tersebut. Bagi memastikan supaya
rakyatnya sedar tentang kewujudan undang-undang tersebut, maka undang-undang
itu diukir di atas sebuah batu marmar hitam setinggi lapan kaki di Bandar
Babylon. Batu marmar tersebut dijumpai pada tahun 1901 bulan Disember di
Khuzestan, Iran dan kini dipamerkan di Muzium Louvre, Paris. Bahkan mengikut
catatan sejarah, undang-undang tersebut yang dikenali sebagai Kod Hammurabi
merupakan statut undang-undang terawal di dunia.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kod Hammurabi ada menjelaskan tentang
keburukan amalan sihir serta larangan terhadap rakyatnya supaya tidak
mengamalkan sihir dalam kehidupan seharian. Bahkan diperuntukkan juga tentang
cara pembuktian bagi kesalahan sihir. Contohnya sebagaimana yang diperuntukkan
dalam Code No. 2 :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“<i>If any
one bring an accusation against a man, and the accused go to the river and leap
into the river, if he sink in the river his accuser shall take possession of
his house. But if the river prove that the accused is not guilty, and he escape
unhurt, then he who had brought the accusation shall put to death, while he wo
leaped into the river shall take possession of the house that had blonged to
his accuser,”</i> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat difahami bahawa peruntukan tersebut <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjelaskan tentang pembuktian bagi kes
tuduhan mengamalkan sihir iaitu orang yang membuat dakwaan tersebut akan
direndamkan ke dalam sungai. Jika dia tenggelam dalam sungai tersebut, maka dia
akan dikira sebagai bersalah dalam membuat tuduhan palsu. Manakala jika
terselamat, orang yang dituduh mengamalkan sihir akan dijatuhkan hukuman mati.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.3.2 Undang-Undang berkaitan sihir di Rom</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tamadan Rom banyak dipengaruhi dengan
kepercayaan Yunani yang mengangkat kewujudan dewa dan dewi yang dianggap
sebagai Tuhan. Namun kepercayaan ini mulai pudar semasa pemerintahan Byzantium
iaitu di penghujung era pemerintahan Romawi. Kepercayaan Yunani kemudiannya
ditukar dengan ajaran kristianisasi. Selepas agama Kristian menunjangi
pemerintahan Rom, ilmu dan amalan sihir mula diketepikan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hal ini dapat dilihat dengan penggubalan
undang-undang yang dikenali <i>The Twelve Tables</i>. Undang-undang ini telah
diperkenalkan oleh Julius Caesar dan sihir dikategorikan sebagai jenayah berat
yang akan dikenakan hukuman berat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a>
Hukuman tersebut adalah dibakar hidup-hidup sebagaimana yang diperuntukkan
dalam undang-undang tersebut iaitu <i>“That is to be decided that persons who
are addicted to the art of magic shall suffer extreme punishment. Magicians
themselves shall be burned alive.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[47]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
</i>Undang-undang tersebut terpakai sehingga pada abad ke-17 di Eropah bahkan turut
memperuntukkan kesalahan kepada sesiapa yang menyanyikan lagu pemujaan sihir
yang dikenali <i>malum Carmen incantarae.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[48]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.3.3 Undang-Undang berkaitan sihir di
Australia</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Di Queensland, seksyen 432 Kanun Jenayah
Queensland jelas memperuntukkan tentang kesalahan <i>pretending to exercise
witchcraft or tell fortunes. </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dalam
seksyen tersebut telah memeruntukkan barangsiapa mendakwa boleh meramal masa
depan dengan menggunakan alatan atau telapak tangan, atau menggunakan apa
sahaja jampi mentera, pemujaan atau seumpamanya bagi tujuan mengesan barang
curi adalah melakukan satu kesalahan. Namun ia telah dimansuhkan pada 10
November 2000. Peruntukan yang hampir sama juga digunakan di Wilayah Selatan
Australia, namun turut dimansuhkan oleh <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Statutes Amendment and Repeal (Public
Offences) Act 1991</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Keadaan yang hampir serupa juga di alami di
New South Wales, Tasmania dan Victoria. Terdapat beberapa peruntukan yang
menyentuh tentang amalan sihir dalam kegiatan penipuan dan mendapatkan harta
secara salah, namun terpaksa dimansuhkan kerana dianggap menimbulkan diksriminasi
kepada penduduk minoriti yang berbeza fahaman agama dan kepercayaan. Bahkan
ketiadaan pakar untuk membezakan antara amalan sihir dan kepercayaan agama
menjadi salah satu faktor mengapa pemansuhan peruntukan undang-undang tersebut
berlaku.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.3.4 Undang-Undang berkaitan sihir di
Eropah</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada Zaman Awal Eropah, kebanyakan pemerintah
dikuasai oleh golongan gereja. Golongan gereja sememangnya dikenali dengan
golongan yang memerangi amalan sihir dalam masyarakat. Ini dapat dilihat dengan
tindakan Pope John XXVI yang melancarkan serangan ke atas ahli sihir dalam
usaha membanteras amalan sihir dalam masyarakat. Berasaskan pengaruh gereja,
kebanyakan pemerintah pada waktu itu di Eropah juga mengutuk amalan sihir dan
melarang rakyatnya dari mengamalkan sihir. Antara pemerintah Eropah pada waktu
itu yang mengancam membunuh rakyatnya yang mengamalkan sihir adalah King
Theodoric (493-526). Bahkan King James VI juga pernah menjatuhkan hukuman bunuh
ke atas ahli sihir. Hukuman yang berat ini dapat dilihat melalui hukuman bakar
hidup-hidup pada tahun 1390 yang dikenakan ke atas Jehane de Brigue setelah
rawatan yang diberikan kepada seorang pesakit telah dituduh sebagai amalan
sihir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[50]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada Zaman Pertengahan Eropah, Kod Visigoth
telah diperkenalkan dan digunapakai sebagai undang-undang untuk mengekang
ajaran sesat seperti ilmu sihir. Sungguhpun begitu, sihir tidaklah
dikategorikan sebagai kesalahan berat dibawah <i>common law.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[51]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Hukuman ke
atas ahli sihir kemudiannya ditambah dalam Statut Henry VI pada kurun ke 16,
namun peruntukan hukuman tersebut dimansuhkan oleh Edward VI.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kemudian
diperkenalkan pula satu undang-undang baru yang dianggap undang-undang paling
ketat semasa pemerintahan Elizabeth I. Ini kerana kesalahan sihir tidak lagi
dianggap kesalahan agama Kristian (<i>ecclesiastical)</i> sebagaimana yang
termaktub dalam Kod Visigoth, bahkan sihir telah diangkat sebagai satu jenayah
besar <i>(felony)</i> dalam <i>common law.</i> Bahkan hukumannya sama seperti
hukuman jenayah bunuh iaitu hukuman gantung.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[52]</span></span></span></span></a>
Semasa pemerintahan George II, undang-undang tersebut telah diganti dengan <i>Witchcraft
Act 1736,</i> yang lebih bersifat ringan hukumannya terhadap pesalah yang
mengamalkan sihir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[53]</span></span></span></span></a>
Hukuman yang dikenakan hanya denda dan penjara sahaja seperti dihukum berdiri
selama 1 jam di pasar awam atau dihukum penjara satu tahun. Namun penerimaan pemakaian
elemen keterangan <i>‘spectral evidence’ </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di Mahkamah menyebabkan kekeliruan berlaku
sehingga ramai orang tidak bersalah dihukum. Akhirnya akta tersebut dimasuhkan
dan diganti dengan <i>Fraudulent Mediums Act 1951.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[54]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
</i>Bagi mematuhi <i>EU Directive, </i>maka akta tersebut dimansuhkan oleh
undang-undang perlindungan pengguna <i>(Consumer Protection Regulations).</i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.3.5 Undang-Undang berkaitan sihir di
Afrika</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Onesmus K. Mutungi, membunuh
seorang ahli sihir di Afrika bukan sahaja dibenarkan, bahkan dianggap sebagai
perbuatan yang terpuji dalam masyarakat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[55]</span></span></span></span></a>
Peningkatan yang mendadak dalam kes pembunuhan ahli sihir, kebanyakannya
golongan wanita, menyebabkan kerajaan di beberapa buah negara Afrika terpaksa
menggubal serta meluluskan undang-undang bagi mengawal kegiatan tersebut. Antara
undang-undang yang dimaksudkan adalah <i>Witcraft Ordinance 1928 </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di Tanzania, <i>Witchcraft Suppression
Ordinance 1899 </i>di Rhodesia Selatan,<i> Witchcraft Suppression Act 1957 </i>di
Afrika Selatan,<i> Zimbabwese Witchcraft Suppression Act 1890</i> dan <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mpumalanga Witchcraft Suppression Bill 2007.</i>
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Undang-undang yang dinyatakan sebelum ini
lebih tertumpu untuk menjaga orang yang dituduh melakukan sihir berbanding
membendung kegiatan sihir itu sendiri. Ini mungkin disebabkan peningkatan dalam
kes pembunuhan golongan wanita dan kanak-kanak yang dianggap sebagai ahli
sihir. Namun, terdapat juga negara yang memasukkan kesalahan sihir sebagai
kesalahan jenayah dalam Kanun Jenayah seperti yang diperuntukkan dalam <i>Cameroon
Panel Code.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[56]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
Hukuman yang dikenakan adalah penjara dua hingga 10 tahun dan didenda 5000
hingga 100,000 francs.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.3.6 Undang-Undang berkaitan sihir di Asia</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Undang-undang berkaitan sihir di benua Asia
bermula di negara China semasa pemerintahan Dinasti Yuan (Mongol). Semasa
pemerintahan dinasti ini, telah diperkenalkan Kanun Jenayah Dinasti Yuan
(Mongol). Penggubalan Kanun tersebut adalah disebabkan oleh amalan penculikan
kanak-kanak bagi tujuan sihir. Kanak-kanak yang diculik akan dikelar dan
dibedah bagi mendapatkan organ dalaman seperti hati bagi tujuan pemujaan roh.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">William Shaw memetik peruntukan dalam Kanun
tersebut dengan menyatakan, “<i>Whosoever plucks life out of a man or
dismembers him with intent to procure a spectre to sacrifice to, shall be
slowly carved to death with knives.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[57]</span></b></span></span></span></a>,
</i>yang dapat difahami bahawa siapa yang mengambil nyawa dan anggota badan
(dengan cara memotong) dengan niat untuk dijadikan korban pemujaan roh atau
amalan sihir, maka dia akan dikelar anggota badannya dengan pisau.<i> </i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Di India pula, keadaannya hampir sama
dengan keadaan di negara Afrika. Bahkan golongan wanita sering dijadikan
sasaran untuk dituduh sebagai <i>Tonhi (</i>ahli sihir). Pada 19 Julai 2005, <i>Witchcraft
Atrocities (Prevention) Act 2005</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>telah diluluskan bagi melindungi kaum wanita yang sering dituduh menjadi
ahli sihir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[58]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Manakala di Arab Saudi, kesalahan sihir
dikategorikan sebagai jenayah berat dan ia tertakluk kepada budibicara hakim
untuk menetapkan hukuman. Namun, sistem perundangan terutamanya dalam
membicarakan kes jenayah sihir sering mendapat tentangan dari <i>Human Right
Watch</i>. Ini berikutan kes perbicaraan Fawza Salih yang dituduh mengamalkan
sihir, tidak diberikan hak untuk membela diri dan bergantung hanya kepada kuasa
budi bicara hakim. Bahkan Arab Saudi tidak mempunyai satu undang-undang jenayah
secara bertulis yang menyebabkan sistem perundangannya longgar dan tidak
konsisten. Hakim di Arab Saudi diberikan kuasa budi bicara untuk mendefinisikan
perbuatan yang dianggap jenayah dan menetapkan hukumannya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[59]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.4 KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat disimpulkan bahawa kedudukan sihir
dalam masyarakat adalah bergantung kepada cara dan metodologi yang digunakan
oleh pemerintah sama ada untuk mengangkatnya sebagai satu perkara yang positif
ataupun mengekang serta mengawal amalan sihir tersebut. Bahkan sejarah telah
memperlihatkan bahawa sihir menyebabkan keruntuhan keharmonian masyarakat dan
negara, berbanding kebaikan yang dicanang oleh pengamal sihir itu sendiri. Jika
pemerintah turut sama mempelajari dan mengamalkan sihir, sudah pasti rakyat
akan mengikuti jejak langkahnya dan begitu juga sebaliknya. Pemerintah yang
mengamalkan sihir selalunya akan melakukan kezaliman ke atas rakyatnya seperti
Firaun Naktanibas dalam Tamadun Mesir. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Catatan sejarah juga telah membuktikan
bahawa pemerintah yang terkenal semasa zaman kegemilangannya telah menggubal
undang-undang bagi menyekat amalan sihir seperti Julius Caesar dan Raja
Hammurabi. Namun, undang-undang yang digubal ini tidak bertahan lama. Ada di
antara undang-undang tersebut terpaksa dimansuhkan seperti di England dan
Australia. Faktor pemansuhan ini adalah disebabkan kekurangan pakar dalam
membezakan antara amalan sihir dan amalan kepercayaan tradisional, serta
ketiadaan pakar dalam menghuraikan serta menjelaskan keterangan dan pembuktian
yang lebih diyakini di Mahkamah.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<u><b>RUJUKAN & NOTA KAKI</b></u></div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Muhammad Mutawalli al-Sharawiyy,
1990, <i>al-Sihru wa al-hasad,</i> Kaherah : al-Maktabah al-Sharawi
al-Islamiyyah, hlm. 24</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ilmu guna-guna ialah jampi atau mentera untuk
memikat hati seseorang.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ilmu pukau adalah ilmu jampi serapah
dengan menggunakan tangkal atau seumpamanya yang digunakan untuk memabukkan
orang atau membuat orang tidur lelap.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ilmu tuju-tuju adalah jampi yang
digunakan untuk membuatkan orang jatuh sakit atau mati.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> <i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kamus Dewan Edisi Baru, </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka, hlm. 384</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Al-Qur’an, <i>Surah al-Baqarah</i>
2:102</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Muhammad Mustafa al-Hadidi al-Thair,
1987, <i>Penyuluh : Arwah,</i> Jakarta : Pustaka Amani, hlm. 103-104</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menurut Syed Ahmad Semait dalam buku
<i>Kuliah Subuh</i>, Harut dan Marut adalah dua malaikat yang mahu mempunyai
perasaan seperti manusia, lalu dibekalkan nafsu. Apabila diturunkan ke bumi,
mereka tergoda dengan keseronokan dunia, lantas membuat perkara maksiat seperti
mengajarkan ilmu sihir.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Muhammad Mustafa al-Hadidi al-Thair,
1987, <i>op. cit.,</i> hlm. 101</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Susan C. Karant-nunn & Merry E.
Wiesner-Hanks. 2003. <i>Luther On Women : A Sourcebook, </i>Cambridge :
Cambridge Univesity Press. hlm. 236</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid., hlm. 231</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Al-Nawawiy, <i>Shahih Muslim</i>,
1924, Juz 14, hlm. 109</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Eric Maple, 1973, <i>Witchcraft :
The story of man’s search for supernatural power, </i>London : Octopus Books,
hlm. 113.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Amran Kasimin, 2009, <i>Sihir Suatu
Amalan Kebatinan,</i> Bangi : Penerbit UKM, hlm. 28.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">William Shaw, 1975, <i>Aspect of
Malaysian Magic, </i>Kuala Lumpur : Muzium Negara, hlm. 49</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Abdul Basir Mohammed, <i>Amalan
sihir & ayat-ayat al-Qur’an : Perbezaan serta kesannya terhadap amalan
perubatan,</i> 1999, Kuala Lumpur : Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia, hlm.
198-199</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ansaruddin Agus & Mohammad Azlee
A. Mutallib, 2011, <i>Perangi Sihir,</i> Selangor : PTS Milenia Sdn. Bhd., hlm.
60.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Walter Farber, 1995, <i>Witchcraft :
Magic and Divination in Aencient Mesopotamia, </i>dlm. Jack M. Sasson (pnyt.),
Civilization of the Ancient Near East, Edisi 3, Bahagian 8 (Religion &
Science), New York : Charles Scribner’s Sons.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibrahim Muhammad Jamal, 1982, <i>Haqiqat
al-Sihr : Dirasah fi zilali qisasi Qur’ani qa sirah nabawiyyah,</i> Kaherah :
Maktabah Qur’an, hlm. 36</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid. hlm. 36</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Umar Sulayman al-Ashqar, 2002, <i>Alam
al-sihri wa al-sha’wazah, </i>Edisi ke-4, Jordan : Dar al-Nafa’is, hlm. 17</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Eric Maple, 1973, <i>Witchcraft :
The story of man’s search for supernatural power, </i>London : Octopus Books,
hlm. 22.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid. hlm. 19-20</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Naomi Janowitz, 2001, <i>Magic in
the Roman World : Pagan, Jews and Christians,</i> London : Routledge, hlm. 13.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">E.A. Wallis Budge, 1988, <i>Egyptian
Magic, </i>London : Arkana, hlm. 3</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Naomi Janowitz,2001, <i>Op. cit.,</i>
hlm. 13.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ahmad Taha, 1992, <i>Kedoktoran
Islam,</i> terj. Ismail Ibrahim, Selangor : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, hlm. 5</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Umar Sulayman al-Ashqar, 2002, <i>Alam
al-sihri wa al-sha’wazah, </i>Edisi ke-4, Jordan : Dar al-Nafa’is, hlm. 169</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Al-Quran, <i>Surah al-Falaq</i>
113:4</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Amran Kasimin, 2009, <i>Sihir Suatu
Amalan Kebatinan,</i> Bangi : Penerbit UKM, hlm. 51-52</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ansaruddin Agus & Mohammad Azlee
A. Mutallib, 2011, <i>Perangi Sihir,</i> Selangor : PTS Milenia Sdn. Bhd., hlm.
68-109</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a>
Penyakit bell’s palsy adalah penyakit lumpuh sebelah muka, iaitu pesakit akan
mengadu mukanya senget sebelah apabila melihat pada cermin dan berasa sukar
untuk menggerakkan otot muka.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a>
Skizofrenia adalah penyakit gila yang sebenar, yakni pesakit akan mengalami
halusinasi dan mendakwa terdengar bisikan untuk melakukan sesuatu, atau
mempunyai <i>bizarre delusion (</i>merasakan dirinya terlalu hebat) dan tidak
boleh berfungsi sebagai seorang manusia yang normal.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ilmu santet adalah sihir berbentuk serangan jarak jauh dengan cara memuja objek
tak bernyawa seperti kain, serbuk kaca, benang dan kemenyan untuk menyebabkan kesakitan
terhadap mangsa tanpa disedari oleh orang yang berada disekeliling mangsa.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ilmu teluh sama seperti ilmu santet cuma pemujaannya terhadap objek bernyawa
seperti katak, lintah dan lipan, bahkan sihir ini dapat dirasai oleh mangsa dan
orang disekelilingnya.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ilmu tenung adalah sihir gabungan cara pemujaan ilmu santet dan teluh. Ia
digunakan bertujuan menyebabkan mangsa disakiti secara fizikal atau keluar
objek seperti jarum atau kaca dari anggota badan mangsa.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a>
Biring adalah sejenis sihir yang boleh mengakibatkan mangsa mengalami penyakit
kulit yang sukar dirawat.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a>
Yantra bermaksud rajah azimat, biasanya dalam bentuk bersegi yang diukir pada
emas, perak atau timah. Antara jenis yantra yang terkenal adalah <i>Srichakra.</i></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>Mantra</i>
pula adalah mantera atau jampi lafaz tertentu yang mengandungi pemujaan
dewa-dewi yang ditetapkan untuk tujuan kebaikan ataupun keburukan.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">William Shaw, 1975, <i>Aspect of
Malaysian Magic,</i> Muzium Negara, Kuala Lumpur, hlm. 9</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Juraimi Bin Hussin v PP (1998) 1 MLJ
357</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mahyuddin Ismail (2011). <i>Ahli Sihir Ke Tali Gantung</i>. Kuala Lumpur : PTS
Publication. hlm. 265<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ahmad Taha, 1992, <i>Kedoktoran
Islam,</i> terj. Ismail Ibrahim, Selangor : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, hlm. 3</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">L.W. King, 1910, <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mesopotamia : The Code of Hammurabi. </i>Richard
Hooker (pnyt.), Washington State University. </span><a href="http://www.wsu.edu/%7Edee/MESO/CODE.HTM%20%20%5b9"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[9</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Disember 2009]</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mahyuddin Ismail (2011). <i>Ahli Sihir Ke Tali Gantung</i>. Kuala Lumpur : PTS
Publication. hlm. 23<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K.H.M Ali Usman, 1979, <i>Manusia
Jin Mengganggu Ketenteraman, </i>Jakarta : Penerbit Bulan Bintang, hlm. 51</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Geoffrey Scarre, 1987, <i>Witchcraft
And Magic In 16<sup>th</sup> and 17<sup>th</sup> Century Europe. </i>London :
MacMillan Education Ltd. hlm. 13</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mahyuddin Ismail (2011). <i>Ahli Sihir Ke Tali Gantung</i>. Kuala Lumpur : PTS
Publication. hlm. 27<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid. hlm. 266-267</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span></span></span></a>
Richard Kickhefer, 1990, <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Magic in the
Middle Ages,</i> Great Britain : Cambridge University Press, hlm. 179</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Susan C. Karant-nunn & Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks.
2003. <i>Luther On Women : A Sourcebook, </i>Cambridge : Cambridge Univesity
Press. hlm. 236</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mahyuddin Ismail (2011). <i>Ahli Sihir Ke Tali Gantung</i>. Kuala Lumpur : PTS
Publication. hlm. 35</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Susan C. Karant-nunn & Merry E.
Wiesner-Hanks. 2003. <i>Op. cit.,</i> hlm. 228</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span></span></span></a>
Stuart Gordon, 1993, <i>The Encyclopedia of Myths & Legends. </i>London :
Headline Book Publishing, hlm. 499 </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span></span></span></a>
Onesmus K. Mutungi, <i>The Legal Aspects of Witchcraft In East Africa With
Particular Reference To Kenya, </i>1977, hlm. 59</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mahyuddin Ismail, 2011, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ahli Sihir Ke
Tali Gantung</i>. Kuala Lumpur : PTS Publication. hlm. 268-273</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">William Shaw, 1975, <i>Aspect of
Malaysian Magic, </i>Kuala Lumpur : Muzium Negara, hlm. 67</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mahyuddin Ismail, 2011, <i>Op. cit., </i>hlm. 273<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn59" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[59]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid. hlm. 274</span></div>
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Naufal Tarmizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18171464018688486581noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7724524930660709206.post-66889442816003256782012-12-10T08:17:00.002-08:002012-12-10T19:36:42.483-08:00Elemen Pembuktian Di Mahkamah (Bentuk Keterangan)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(Petikan Bab 2 Latihan Ilmiah "Sihir : Pembuktian Di Mahkamah)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bab 2.1 : Pengenalan</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembuktian merupakan elemen asas dalam
mentadbir keadilan kes yang dibicarakan dan dibawa ke perhatian Mahkamah. Di
Malaysia khususnya, tidak kira sama ada Mahkamah Sivil mahupun Mahkamah
Syariah, elemen pembuktian yang digunapakai adalah berdasarkan adaptasi
undang-undang yang termaktub dalam <i>Indian Evidence Act 1872</i> yang dirangka oleh
Sir James Stephen berasaskan prinsip <i>Common Law</i> Inggeris.</span></div>
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<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Di Mahkamah Sivil, statut khusus berkenaan
keterangan dan pembuktian yang digunapakai adalah Akta Keterangan 1950 (Akta
56). Akta tersebut digunakan sebagai panduan aplikasi pembuktian keterangan di
Mahkamah. Manakala bagi Mahkamah Syariah, terdapat statut yang tersendiri dan
berbeza mengikut negeri. Ini adalah kerana undang-undang syariah merupakan hak
eksklusif Negeri-Negeri sebagaimana yang termaktub dalam Jadual Kesembilan,
Perlembagaan Persekutuan. Pembuktian di Mahkamah Syariah menggabungkan antara
pembuktian yang telah dibahaskan dalam hukum fiqh dan syariah Islam, dengan
elemen pembuktian yang sudah sedia termaktub dalam Akta Keterangan 1950 (akta
56).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembuktian mempunyai maksud dan fungsi yang
berbeza dengan keterangan. Makna pembuktian itu sendiri hampir sama dengan
definisi <i>proof </i>dan <i>ithbat.</i> <i>Proof</i> atau bukti bermaksud
“segala sesuatu yang berfungsi untuk meyakinkan pemikiran seseorang tentang
kebenaran atau kepalsuan sesuatu perkara yang belum pasti.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Menurut Kamus Dewan, pembuktian diertikan sebagai proses atau perbuatan untuk
membuktikan sesuatu.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>Ithbat
</i>pula membawa maksud mengemukakan dalil di hadapan hakim dalam Mahkamah
berkaitan dengan sesuatu hak atau kejadian.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagi keterangan pula, pada prinsipnya ia
digunakan untuk membuktikan sesuatu fakta itu wujud atau tidak. Sungguhpun
kedua-dua istilah tersebut berbeza, namun kedua-duanya mempunyai perkaitan yang
amat rapat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bab ini akan membincangkan elemen-elemen
pembuktian yang digunapakai dan yang menjadi amalan di Mahkamah Sivil dan
Mahkamah Syariah di Malaysia. Penulis juga menjadikan beberapa statut pilihan
berkaitan dengan keterangan dan pembuktian sebagai rujukan asas dalam
memastikan setiap elemen pembuktian yang dibincangkan adalah terpakai dari segi
undang-undang di Malaysia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bab 2.2 : Elemen Pembuktian di Mahkamah
Sivil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Secara umumnya, keterangan yang ditafsirkan
dalam seksyen 3, Akta Keterangan 1950 (Akta 56) adalah seperti berikut :-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“keterangan”
meliputi –</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Segala pernyataan yang dibenarkan atau dikehendaki oleh mahkamah dibuat
di hadapannya oleh saksi-saksi berhubungan dengan perkara-perkara fakta yang
disiasat: pernyataan sedimikian disebut keterangan lisan;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Segala dokumen yang dikemukakan bagi pemeriksaan mahkamah :
dokumen-dokumen sedimikian disebut keterangan dokumen;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sungguhpun Akta Keterangan 1950 (akta 56)
mentafsirkan keterangan sebagai keterangan lisan dan keterangan dokumen, namun
perlu difahami bahawa tafsiran ini juga membawa kepada maksud klasifikasi
keterangan seperti berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan Lisan (<i>Oral Evidence)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan Dokumen (<i>Documentary
Evidence)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan Langsung <i>(Direct Evidence)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan Keadaan <i>(Circumstantial
Evidence)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan Primer (<i>Primary Evidence)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>vi.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan Sekunder (<i>Secondary Evidence)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>vii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan Dengar Cakap (<i>Hearsay
Evidence)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>viii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan Benda (<i>Real Evidence)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>ix.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan Pendapat <i>(Opinion Evidence)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>x.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan Prima Facie (<i>Prima Facie
Evidence)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>xi.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan Sama Fakta (<i>Similar Fact
Evidence)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>xii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan Watak (<i>Character Evidence)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>xiii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan Konklusif (<i>Conclusive
Evidence)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.1 Keterangan Lisan <i>(Oral Evidence)</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan Lisan bermaksud segala penyataan
yang dikhendaki oleh Mahkamah untuk dibuat di hadapannya oleh saksi tentang
sesuatu hak atau kejadian. Keterangan lisan merangkumi segala fakta yang
dikemukakan kecuali isi kandungan dokumen-dokumen.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ini sebagaimana yang diperuntukkan dalam seksyen 59, Akta Keterangan 1950 iaitu
:-</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <b><i>59.
Membuktikan fakta-fakta dengan keterangan lisan. </i></b></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Segala fakta, kecuali kandungan
dokumen-dokumen, boleh dibuktikan dengan keterangan lisan.”</span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Peruntukan tersebut menjelaskan bahawa jika
keterangan berkenaan kandungan dokumen diperlukan, maka keterangan lisan tidak
diterima kerana kandungan dokumen tersebut perlu dibuktikan dengan mengemukakan
dokumen itu sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> Seksyen
60, Akta yang sama juga memperuntukkan bahawa setiap keterangan lisan mestilah
dikemukakan secara langsung.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.2 Keterangan Dokumen <i>(Documentary
Evidence)</i></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Seksyen 3, Akta Keterangan 1950 (Akta 56)
mentafsirkan keterangan dokumen merangkumi keterangan yang berbentuk tulisan,
perkataan yang dicetak atau dilitograf atau difotograf, inskripsi pada kayu
atau batu atau logam, lukisan, citra, gambar, karikatur, fotograf, negatif,
pita komunikasi telefon termasuk yang dipancarkan dari satu jarak, rakaman
fotografi dan hal yang dirakam atau disimpan atau diproses atau didapatkan
semula atau dikeluarkan oleh komputer.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Secara prinsipnya, keterangan dokumen
memerlukan dokumen asal dikemukakan sebagai rujukan kepada pihak Mahkamah.
Rujukan kepada dokumen asal ini digelar sebagai keterangan primer. Namun
seksyen 61, Akta Keterangan 1950 (akta 56) juga membenarkan keterangan sekunder
dikemukakan dalam keadaan-keadaan tertentu sebagaimana yang diperuntukkan dalam
seksyen 65, Akta yang sama.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sebagai contoh dalam kes <i>Forbes v Samuel<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>iaitu berkaitan dengan perjanjian
rakan kongsi (<i>partnership deed)</i> yang mana kedua-dua pihak bertikai
memegang salinan perjanjian tersebut, maka setiap salinan dokumen tersebut
dianggap dokumen asal.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.2.3 Keterangan Langsung <i>(Direct
Evidence)</i></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan langsung merupakan satu bentuk keterangan
lisan yang diberikan oleh seorang saksi dalam Mahkamah berhubung suatu fakta
atau hak atau kejadian yang diperolehinya melalui pancainderanya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Contohnya, keterangan berkenaan suatu fakta yang boleh dilihat, maka keterangan
lisan yang perlu diberikan saksi tersebut adalah berkaitan dengan apa yang
dilihat olehnya. Begitu juga jika ia berkaitan dengan fakta yang boleh
didengar, maka saksi tersebut perlu memberikan keterangan lisan tentang apa
yang didengarinya. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ini diperjelaskan
oleh Hamid Ibrahim melalui penulisannya iaitu :-</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“This
principal of oral evidence is based on the rule that a witness can only verify
the truth of facts which he himself has seen or heard or perceived or of which
he has personal knowledge.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Manakala jika keterangan berkaitan dengan
suatu pendapat, maka keterangan langsung adalah keterangan yang dikemukakan
oleh seseorang yang berpegang kepada pendapat tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ini selaras dengan peruntukan seksyen 60, Akta Keterangan 1950 (Akta 56).</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.4 Keterangan Keadaan <i>(Circumstantial
Evidence)</i></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan keadaan adalah satu bentuk
keterangan yang dikemukakan untuk membuktikan kewujudan fakta isu atau fakta
persoalan melalui pembuktian fakta berkaitan atau fakta yang relevan dengan
fakta isu atau persoalan. Apabila fakta berkaitan ini dibuktikan, maka ia
membawa kepada kebarangkalian fakta yang dipertikaian itu wujud atau
sebaliknya.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.2.5 Keterangan Primer <i>(Primary
Evidence)</i></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Seksyen 64, Akta Keterangan 1950 (Akta 56)
secara jelas memperuntukkan bahawa dokumen yang dikemukakan di Mahkamah perlu
dibuktikan dengan keterangan primer. Dalam erti kata lain, keterangan primer
adalah berasaskan kepada <i>‘best evidence rule’ </i>kerana keterangan tersebut
disokong oleh dokumen asal.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ini menunjukkan bahawa keterangan primer bermaksud satu bentuk keterangan utama
dalam membuktikan kesahihan dokumen apabila dokumen tersebut menjadi pertikaian
di Mahkamah.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam kes <i>Mohamed Syedol Ariffin v Yeoh
Ooi Gark<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
</i>sebagai contoh, Privy Council telah menerima keterangan berkaitan tarikh
lahir defendan setelah defendan berjaya mengemukakan keterangan dokumen iaitu
sebuah buku asal yang menyimpan rekod dan butiran diri ahli keluarganya
kepunyaan bapa defendan.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.6 Keterangan Sekunder <i>(Secondary
Evidence)</i></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagaimana yang diperuntukkan dalam
seksyen 65, Akta Keterangan 1950 (Akta 56), keterangan sekunder boleh digunakan
apabila tidak wujud keterangan primer dalam beberapa keadaan tertentu.
Contohnya dalam kes <i>Mst Bibi Aisha v Bihar Subai Sunni Majlis Avaqaf.</i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a><i>
</i>Dalam kes tersebut, Mahkamah memutuskan bahawa salinan kepada dokumen asal
waqf adalah diterima jika syarat-syarat dalam seksyen 65 tersebut dipenuhi.
Keterangan sekunder boleh jadi satu bentuk salinan asal dokumen ataupun satu
bentuk keterangan lisan berkaitan kandungan dalam dokumen tersebut.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Seksyen 63, Akta yang sama telah
menyenaraikan bentuk-bentuk keterangan sekunder seperti salinan yang diperakui,
salinan daripada naskhah asal melalui mesin, salinan yang dibuat daripada atau
dibandingkan dengan naskhah asal, kaunterpart dokumen terhadap pihak-pihak yang
tidak menyempurnakannya dan keterangan lisan mengenai kandungan sesuatu dokumen
yang telah diberikan oleh seseorang yang melihatnya atau mendengar tentangnya
atau melalui anggapannya sendiri.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.7 Keterangan Dengar Cakap <i>(Hearsay
Evidence)</i></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan dengar cakap adalah bertentangan
dengan keterangan langsung mahupun yang dikemukakan secara langsung. Secara
asasnya, keterangan ini tidak diterima sebagai salah satu bentuk keterangan di
Mahkamah. Namun terdapat beberapa pengecualian yang diberikan dalam Akta
Keterangan 1950 seperti seksyen 32, seksyen 33 dan seksyen 73A berkenaan dengan keterangan yang dikemukan pada prosiding terdahulu oleh
seorang saksi yang tidak boleh dijumpai atau dipanggil untuk mengemukakan
keterangan di Mahkamah akibat keuzuran, sakit atau mati.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ini sebagaimana diperjelaskan oleh Hamid Ibrahim seperti berikut :</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Under this
section, hearsay evidence as a general rule, is excluded from legal evidence.
However, there are a few important exceptions and these have been dealt with
under sections 13, 18 to 24, and sections 32-38.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.8 Keterangan Benda <i>(Real Evidence)</i></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan benda adalah satu bentuk
keterangan yang dibawa ke perhatian dan pengetahuan Mahkamah tentang suatu benda
atau material untuk diperiksa oleh Mahkamah. Contohnya seperti barangan yang
ditender sebagai eksibit seperti senjata mahupun dokumen. Seksyen 60(3), Akta
Keterangan 1950 (Akta 56) menyatakan :-</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Jika
keterangan lisan itu mengenai kewujudan atau mengenai keadaan sesuatu benda
termasuk dokumen, maka mahkamah bolehlah, jika difikirkan patut, mengkehendaki
benda itu atau dokumen itu dikemukakan untuk pemeriksaannya.”</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.9 Keterangan Pendapat <i>(Opinion
Evidence)</i></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Prinsip keterangan di Mahkamah adalah saksi
mengemukakan keterangan berkaitan dengan fakta sahaja. Jika saksi tersebut
mengemukakan pendapatnya, maka ia tidak diterima sebagai satu bentuk keterangan
di Mahkamah. Ini kerana pendapat hanya boleh diberikan oleh Hakim setelah
mendengar keterangan daripada pihak-pihak yang bertikai.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Maka, secara prinsipnya, pendapat yang
diberikan oleh saksi sebagai orang ketiga dalam prosiding adalah tidak relevan.
Namun seksyen 45, Akta Keterangan 1950 membenarkan pendapat saksi diterima
sebagai keterangan di Mahkamah dengan syarat saksi tersebut merupakan seorang
pakar dan pendapatnya adalah berkaitan dengan fakta yang dikemukakan. Bahkan
menurut prinsip Taylor yang menyatakan :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“whenever it
is clear that inexperienced persons are unlikely to form a consent judgement in
the subject matter of inquiry, the opinion of someone who has special skills is
admissible.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.10 Keterangan Prima Facie <i>(Prima
Facie Evidence)</i></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Prima Facie boleh diertikan sebagai sekilas
pandang atau sekali imbas atau sepintas lalu. Keterangan prima facie pula
membawa maksud keterangan yang meyakinkan Mahkamah bahawa keterangan yang
dikemukakan adalah mencukupi untuk memastikan wujudnya elemen utama dalam
pertuduhun kes jenayah. Beban untuk mengemukakan keterangan prima facie
ini adalah terletak kepada pihak pengadu atau pihak Pendakwa.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.11 Keterangan Sama Fakta <i>(Similar
Fact Evidence)</i></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan ini bermaksud satu bentuk
keterangan yang membuktikan kewujudan suatu fakta isu melalui pembuktian fakta
relevan yang tidak berkaitan antara satu sama lain. Sebagai contoh, kesalahan
merosakkan harta benda awam yang dilakukan oleh seseorang yang pernah mempunyai
rekod kesalahan yang serupa. Rekod kesalahan itu boleh dijadikan satu bentuk
keterangan sama fakta bahawa orang tersebut telah melakukan kesalahan yang sama
pada waktu yang berlainan. Namun, keterangan jenis ini tidak relevan secara
prinsipnya kerana ia boleh menimbulkan prejudis dan <i>bias</i> kepada orang
yang kena tuduh. Seksyen 11, 14, 15 dan 16 Akta Keterangan 1950 (Akta 56) ada
menjelaskan berakitan dengan keterangan ini.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.12 Keterangan Watak <i>(Character
Evidence)</i></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Seksyen 52 hingga 55, Akta Keterangan 1950
(Akta 56) ada menjelaskan tentang keterangan watak. Keterangan watak adalah
berkait rapat dengan aspek reputasi, deposisi dan insiden tertentu seperti
sabitan kes jenayah terdahulu. Keterangan Watak ini lebih bersifat umum
berbanding keterangan sama fakta. Keterangan ini merangkumi minat,
kecenderungan, kualiti dalaman, pembawaan, nama baik, integriti, maruah serta
pandangan masyarakat umum. Keterangan ini adalah tidak relevan jika dikaitkan
dalam kes sivil sebagaimana dalam keputusan kes <i>Abdul Sahkoor v Kotwaleswar
Prasad,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
namun keterangan ini menjadi relevan jika dikaitkan dengan kes jenayah
sebagaimana yang diperuntukkan dalam seksyen 53, Akta Keterangan 1950 (Akta 56).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.13 Keterangan Konklusif <i>(Conclusive
Evidence)</i></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan konklusif adalah satu bentuk
keterangan yang muktamad dan tidak boleh dipertikai. Suatu keterangan yang
dikemukakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan menjadi konklusif dan
muktamad jika ia telah diperuntukkan oleh statut iaitu Akta Keterangan 1950.
Sebagai contoh, seksyen 112, Akta yang sama yang memperuntukkan bahawa kelahiran
anak dalam masa perkahwinan merupakan bukti muktamad tentang kesahtarafan anak.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ini
boleh dilihat dalam penghakiman Aitken J dalam kes <i>Ainan Mahamud v Syed Abu
Bakar</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>
Begitu juga peruntukan seksyen 113, Akta yang sama berkenaan anggapan bahawa
budak lelaki yang berumur dibawah 13 tahun tidak berupaya melakukan jenayah
rogol. Hanya terdapat tiga peruntukan berkaitan keterangan ini iaitu seksyen
41, 112 dan 113 Akta Keterangan 1950 (Akta 56).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bab 2.3 : Elemen Pembuktian di Mahkamah
Syariah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mahkamah Syariah di Malaysia mempunyai
hierarki dan bidangkuasa yang tersendiri selepas ia dipisahkan dari hierarki
Mahkamah Sivil pada tahun 1988 dan selepas penggubalan Perkara 121 (1)A,
Perlembagaan Persekutuan. Namun, pembuktian di Mahkamah Syariah tidak banyak
bezanya dengan amalan di Mahkamah Sivil. Cuma yang berbeza adalah dari sudut
penggunaan istilah dan aplikasi undang-undang keterangan Islam.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan sebagaimana yang ditafsirkan
dalam seksyen 3, Akta Keterangan Mahkamah Syariah (Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan)
1997 adalah :-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <i>“keterangan”
termasuklah –</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">bayyinah dan syahadah;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">segala pernyataan yang dibenarkan atau dikehendaki oleh Mahkamah dibuat
di hadapannya oleh saksi berhubungan dengan perkara-perkara fakta yang disiasat
: pernyataan sedemikian disebut keterangan lisan;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">segala dokumen yang dikemukakan bagi pemeriksaan Mahkamah : dokumen
sedimikian disebut keterangan dokumentar;</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagaimana yang telah dinyatakan,
pembuktian di Mahkamah Syariah tidak banyak bezanya dengan amalan di Mahkamah
Sivil. Namun, Mahkamah Syariah telah mengguna pakai beberapa elemen keterangan
dan pembuktian yang menjadi amalan dalam perundangan Islam. Hanya pengakuan (iqrar),
keterangan saksi (syahadah) dan sumpah (al-yamin) merupakan bentuk keterangan
yang disepakati para Fuqaha’.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a> Bentuk-bentuk
keterangan dalam Islam adalah seperti berikut :-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Iqrar (Pengakuan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Syahadah (Saksi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Yamin (Sumpah)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qarinah (Fakta Berkaitan atau Keterangan
Keadaan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Ra’yu al-Khabir (Pendapat Pakar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>vi.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qiyafah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>vii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Kitabah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>viii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ilm al-Qadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>ix.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qasamah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>x.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Li’an</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3.1 Al-Iqrar (Pengakuan)</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari sudut bahasa ia bermaksud mengaku atau membuat pengakuan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dari sudut istilah fuqaha’ pula, iqrar bermaksud </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">memberitahu seorang akan sabit hak
orang lain ke atas dirinya walaupun buat masa akan datang tetapi bukanlah
semata-mata pemberitahuan bahkan pada hakikatnya iqrar itu dari satu sudut ia
adalah <i>ikhbar</i> (pemberitahuan) dan dari suatu sudut lain memberi ertinya <i>insya</i>’
(mencipta sesuatu).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jika diteliti dalam penghakiman kes <i>Pendakwa Syarie lwn Jalil
Embong</i>, Yang Arif Hakim Bicara menyatakan bahawa iqrar merupakan salah satu
pembuktian yang terkuat dalam hukum syara’.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bahkan tiada perselisihan pendapat ulama’ berkenaan kedudukan iqrar ini. Sebagaimana
firman Allah Taala :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Bahkan manusia
itu menjadi saksi atas dirinya sendiri.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i><i><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3.2 Al-Syahadah (Saksi)</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Syahadah boleh didefinisikan sebagai suatu
pemberitahuan yang benar bagi mensabitkan sesuatu hak dengan lafaz <i>asyhadu</i>
dalam Mahkamah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>
Cara pembuktian ini juga disepakati oleh para ulama’ sebagai satu cara pembuktian
dalam undang-undang keterangan Islam. Bahkan tiada pendapat ulama’ yang menolak
atau menafikan kedudukan syahadah dalam Islam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ini selaras dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">firman Allah
Taala:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Wahai orang-orang Yang beriman! hendaklah kamu menjadi orang-orang
Yang sentiasa menegakkan keadilan, lagi menjadi saksi (yang menerangkan
kebenaran) kerana Allah, sekalipun terhadap diri kamu sendiri, atau ibu bapa
dan kaum kerabat kamu. kalaulah orang (yang didakwa) itu kaya atau miskin (maka
janganlah kamu terhalang daripada menjadi saksi Yang memperkatakan kebenaran
disebabkan kamu bertimbang rasa), kerana Allah lebih bertimbang rasa kepada
keduanya. oleh itu, janganlah kamu turutkan hawa nafsu supaya kamu tidak
menyeleweng dari keadilan. dan jika kamu memutar-balikkan keterangan ataupun
enggan (daripada menjadi saksi), maka Sesungguhnya Allah sentiasa mengetahui
Dengan mendalam akan apa Yang kamu lakukan.”</span></i><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[30]</span></span></span></a></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3.4 Al-Yamin (Sumpah)</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-US">Secara umumnya, al-Yamin disyariatkan bertujuan
bagi menguatkan sama ada dari aspek kebenaran dalam mensabitkan hak serta
penafian ataupun tatkala gagal dalam mengemukakan bukti dan keterangan. Sumpah
ini juga kadangkala disebut <i>al-yamin al-asliyyah atau al-wajibah atau
al-rafi’ah, yamin jalibah, yamin tuhmah </i>dan <i>yamin istizhar.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[31]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
</i>Jika satu pihak enggan bersumpah selepas diarahkan oleh Mahkamah untuk
berbuat demikian, maka pihak tersebut dianggap telah melakukan <i>nukul yamin </i>dan
mahkamah akan mengarahkan satu pihak lagi untuk mengangkat sumpah. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-US">Seksyen 87 (1), (2) dan (3) Akta Keterangan
Mahkamah Syariah Wilayah Persekutuan 1997 ada memperjelaskan tentang proses
sumpah di Mahkamah :-</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US">“(1)
Dalam kes mal, keterangan hendaklah diberikan oleh Plaintif dan Defendan, dan
jika Defendan menafikan tuntutan terhadapnya, dia hendaklah dikehendaki
mengangkat sumpah mengikut Hukum Syarak.</span></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US">(2) Jika
Defendan mengangkat sumpah di bawah subseksyen (1), tuntutan yang dibuat oleh
Plaintif hendaklah ditolak.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US">(3) Jika
Defendan enggan mengangkat sumpah, maka Mahkamah bolehlah meminta Plaintif
mengangkat sumpah dan dengan sumpah itu tuntutannya hendaklah diterima.Dalam
kes jenayah, keterangan hendaklah diberikan bagi pendakwa dan bagi tertuduh
melainkan jika tertuduh mengaku salah”</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3.5 Al-Qarinah (Fakta Berkaitan atau
Keterangan Keadaan)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Qarinah boleh disamakan dengan konsep keterangan keadaan
(circumstantial evidence).Secara istilah, qarinah bermaksud bukti atau segala
wasilah yang dibenarkan untuk dikemukakan di mahkamah dengan tujuan membuktikan
kewujudan sesuatu fakta atau sebaliknya. Ia juga bermaksud sebarang maklumat
yang diperolehi daripada dokumen, benda atau saksi yang boleh membuktikan
kewujudan fakta tertentu. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Melalui bukti atau maklumat ini, kebenaran atau kepalsuan sesuatu
fakta yang dipertikaikan dapat dipastikan kedudukannya. Ini bermakna qarinah
adalah satu tanda jelas untuk membuktikan sesuatu fakta yang tersembunyi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>Ini sebagaimana yang ditunjukkan dalam
firman Allah Taala :-</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“D</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">an jika bajunya koyak dari belakang,
maka dustalah perempuan itu, dan Yusuf adalah dari orang-orang Yang benar”</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[33]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.3.6 Al-Ra’yu al-Khabir (Pendapat Pakar)</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Seksyen 33, Akta Keterangan Mahkamah Syariah
(Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1997 membenarkan pendapat saksi diterima sebagai
keterangan di Mahkamah dengan syarat saksi tersebut merupakan seorang pakar dan
pendapatnya adalah berkaitan dengan fakta yang dikemukakan. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bahkan keterangan pakar ini ada diperjelaskan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">oleh Prof Dr
Anwarullah sebagai salah satu bentuk keterangan yang diterima dalam Islam iaitu<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> :-</i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">”The opinion of the expert has
been given great importance by the later Muslim jurists and they relied upon it
in all criminal and civil matters. It is stated in Majallah Al-Ahkam
al-Adliyyah, a civil codifield Law of Ottoman Empire of Turkey, that reports of
the skilled persons are acceptable as authentic testimony even if they did not
use the word Shahadah (testimony).”</span></i><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[34]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3.7 Al-Qiyafah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam bidang sains, qiyafah sering kali
dirujuk dengan perkataan <i>anthroposcopy </i>atau <i>physiognomy </i>iaitu
satu bentuk kemahiran mengenalpasti susur galur keturunan seseorang apabila
berlakunya percampuran keturunan tersebut.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Orang yang pakar dalam qiyafah digelar sebagai qa’if.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>
Namun ia berbeza dengan keterangan pakar kerana keterangan pakar dimasukkan
sebagai qarinah. Bahkan Ibn Qayyim meletakkan keterangan pakar terasing
daripada qarinah kerana keterangan pakar boleh mencapai tahap yakin.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Amalan qiyafah ini selari dengan hadis yang
diriwayatkan daripada Saidatina Aisyah yang bermaksud :</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Pada suatu
hari Rasulullan s.a.w dating kepadaku dalam keadaan amat sukacita sehingga
jelas terpancar kecantikan wajahnya. Katanya : Tahukah kamu bahawa Mujazzir
al-Mudaljiy<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[38]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
telah datang berjumpaku. Dia telah melihat USamah (si anak) dan Zaid (si bapa)
yang menutup muka dan kepala mereka dengan sehelai kain dan memperlihatkan kaki
kedua-duanya sahaja. Lalu Mujazzir meneka bahawa kaki kedua-dua mereka adalah
daripada keturunan yang sama.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[39]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3.8 Al-Kitabah (Keterangan Dokumen)</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Beradasarkan seksyen 3, Akta Keterangan Mahkamah
Syariah (Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1997 mentafsirkan keterangan dokumen
sebagai salah satu bentuk keterangan yang diterimapakai di Mahkamah Syariah.
Kedudukan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">keterangan dokumen menurut hukum syara’ diperjelaskan
oleh Noor Inayah Yaakub dan Jasri Jamal dalam artikel mereka berjudul <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Keterangan Dokumen Dan Teknologi </i>iaitu
:-</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Secara khusus dari sudut pandangan
perundangan Islam, catatan dokumen memainkan peranan yang penting dalam
kehidupan manusia. Al-Quran dalam beberapa ayat telah menyebutkan peranan
catatan sebagai cara pembuktian dan merupakan keterangan yang boleh membantu
mencari kebenaran. Pandangan Ibn Qayyim yang menerima keterangan dokumen
sebagai qarinah boleh dijadikan panduan. Jika qarinah tersebut kuat maka
hendaklah diterima manakal jika lemah hendaklah ditolak, dan jika keterangan
itu samar-samar amak hendaklah ia dipastikan terlebih dahulu.</i></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah pernah
menyebut dalam kitab al-Turuq al-Hukmiyyah (1977:299-300) yang bermaksud :-</span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembuktian sebenarnya satu hujah yang menyokong dakwaan dan semakin
banyak bukti yang dibawa semakin kuat pendakwaan tetapi menggunakan satu bukti
sahaja yang benar-benar kuat adalah lebih baik daripada 100 hujah yang boleh
dipertikaikan”<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[40]</span></b></span></span></a></span></span></i></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3.9 Ilm al-Qadi</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ia merupakan satu bentuk pengetahuan atau
maklumat yang diperolehi secara peribadi oleh hakim berkaitan dengan kes yang
dihadirinya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>
Secara prinsipnya, seorang hakim akan menetapkan keputusan berdasarkan maklumat
dan fakta yang diperolehi ketika perbicaraan. Jika maklumat itu diperolehi di
luar Mahkamah, maka terdapat beberapa perbezaan pendapat dalam penerimaan keterangan
ini.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengikut Imam Syafie, pengetahuan dan
maklumat Hakim yang diperoleh di luar Mahkamah boleh dijadikan asas hukuman
jika ia diperolehi oleh dua orang saksi lelaki, manakala Mazhab Hanafi pula
menolak keterangan ini dalam kes hudud. Namun berdasarkan pendapat Mazhab
Zahiri, keterangan ini perlu digunakan dalam semua kes termasuk hudud, bahkan
Ibnu Hazm menambah bahawa pengetahuan Hakim merupakan keterangan yang perlu
didahulukan berbanding pengakuan (iqrar) dan keterangan saksi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3.10 Al-Qasamah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Secara umumnya, qasamah adalah salah satu
bentuk sumpah. Namun ia berbeza daripada sumpah al-Yamin. Jumhur yang terdiri
daripada Mazhab Maliki, Syafie dan Hanbali berpendapat qasamah merupakan sumpah
yang dibuat oleh wali al-dam untuk mendakwa penduduk yang menjumpai mangsa
pembunuhan ditempat mereka.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a> Qasamah
juga didefinisikan sebagai sumpah yang dibuat oleh penduduk sesuatu tempat
terhadap satu pembunuhan yang tidak diketahui siapa pembunuhnya. Definisi ini
disokong oleh pendapat Mazhab Hanafi dengan menambah lafaz sumpahnya :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <i>“Demi
Allah aku tak membunuhnya dan aku tak tahu siapa pembunuhnya.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[44]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3.11 Li’an</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Li’an adalah prosedur sumpah yang dikenakan
terhadap suami apabila suami tersebut menuduh isteri berzina tanpa dapat
mengemukakan empat orang saksi lelaki Muslim yang adil.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.4 Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembuktian di Mahkamah Sivil dan Mahkamah
Syariah tidak banyak bezanya. Ini kerana kerangka statut yang menjadi rujukan
asas kedua-dua Mahkamah adalah hasil adaptasi dari sumber yang sama. Namun
statut rujukan bagi Mahkamah Syariah dilestarikan dengan undang-undang
keterangan Islam, maka terdapat beberapa istilah dan terma yang ditukarkan
sesuai dengan konsep yang digunakan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Elemen-elemen keterangan dan pembuktian ini masih berkesan dalam
memastikan kewujudan sesuatu hak atau sebaliknya. Maka dengan wujudnya statut
dan undang-undang khusus berkaitan keterangan, pihak-pihak yang tidak
berpuashati boleh mengemukakan sebarang bukti berkaitan untuk mengangkat
haknya.</span></div>
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<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<u><b>RUJUKAN</b></u></div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hamid Ibrahim. 1993. <i>Law of
Evidence.</i> Kuala Lumpur : CLBC. hlm. 163.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kamus Dewan. 1991. Kuala Lumpur :
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. hlm. 169</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kuwait, Wizarah al-Awqaf. 1983. <i>Al-Mawsu’at
al-Fiqhiyyah. </i>23 Jilid. Taba’ah Zat al-Salasil. hlm. 232.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ruzman Md. Noor. 2007. <i>Pembuktian di Mahkamah Syariah,</i> dlm Undang-Undang
Islam di Malaysia : Prinsip dan Amalan, Ahmad Hidayat Buang et. al. Kuala
Lumpur : Penerbit Universiti Malaya. hlm. 175.<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S. Augustine Paul. 1994. <i>Evidence
: Practice & Procedure.</i> Selangor : Pelanduk Publications. hlm. 389</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hamid Ibrahim. 1993. <i>Law of
Evidence.</i> Kuala Lumpur : CLBC. hlm. 278.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid, hlm. 285.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Forbes v Samuel (1913) 3 KB 706</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S. Augustine Paul. 1994. <i>Evidence
: Practice & Procedure.</i> Selangor : Pelanduk Publications. hlm. 396.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hamid Ibrahim. 1993. <i>Law of
Evidence.</i> Kuala Lumpur : CLBC. hlm. 279.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S. Augustine Paul. 1994. <i>Evidence
: Practice & Procedure.</i> Selangor : Pelanduk Publications. hlm. 397.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S. Augustine Paul. 1994. <i>Evidence
: Practice & Procedure.</i> Selangor : Pelanduk Publications. hlm. 417.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mohamed Syedol Ariffin v Yeoh Ooi
Gark (1916) 2 AC 575; 1 MC 165 PC</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mst Bibi Aisha v Bihar Subai Sunni Majlis Avaqaf, AIR (1969) SC 253<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S. Augustine Paul. 1994. <i>Evidence
: Practice & Procedure.</i> Selangor : Pelanduk Publications. hlm. 227.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hamid Ibrahim. 1993. <i>Law of Evidence.</i>
Kuala Lumpur : CLBC. hlm. 279.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid. hlm. 236</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid. hlm. 61-74.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
Abdul Shakoor v Kotwaleswar Prasad AIR (1938) All 54</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hamid Ibrahim. 1993. <i>Law of
Evidence.</i> Kuala Lumpur : CLBC. hlm. 258.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ainan bin Mahamud v Syed Abu Bakar bin Habib Yusoff and Ors (1939) MLJ Rep 163.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hamid Ibrahim. 1993. <i>Law of
Evidence.</i> Kuala Lumpur : CLBC. hlm. 408.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ruzman Md. Noor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2007. <i>Pembuktian di
Mahkamah Syariah,</i> dlm Undang-Undang Islam di Malaysia : Prinsip dan Amalan,
Ahmad Hidayat Buang et. al. Kuala Lumpur : Penerbit Universiti Malaya. hlm.
175.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mahmud Saedon A. Othman. 2003. Undang-undang Keterangan Islam. Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka. Kuala Lumpur. hlmn.41<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pendakwa Syarie lwn. Jalil Embong
dan Zaliha Endut (2004) JH XVII/I 93-121</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
Al-Qur’an, <i>Surah al-Qiyamah </i>75 :14</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Al-Khatib Muhammad al-Sharbiniy,
1995. <i>Mughni al-Muhtaj. </i>Jilid 4. Beirut : Dar al-Fikr, hlm. 540.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>
Al-Kahlaniy, Muhammad bin Ismail, 1995. <i>Subul al-Salam.</i> Jilid 4. Beirut
: Dar al-Fikr, hlm. 126.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a>
Al-Qur’an, <i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Surah al-Nisa’ </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4: 135</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ruzman Md. Noor. 2007. <i>Pembuktian di Mahkamah Syariah,</i> dlm Undang-Undang
Islam di Malaysia : Prinsip dan Amalan, Ahmad Hidayat Buang et. al. Kuala
Lumpur : Penerbit Universiti Malaya. hlm. 194-197.<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Wahbah Zuhaily, 1989. <i>Al-Fiqh
Islami wa Adillatuhu.</i> Jilid 6. Damsyik : Dar al-Fikr, hlm. 644</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Al-Qur’an, <i>Surah Yusuf </i>12: 27</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Prof. Dr. Anwarullah. Evidence
By Expert (Experts‘ Opinion). dlm. Principles of Evidence in Islam. A. S.
Noordeen Press.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Muhammad Rafa’at Othman, 1992. <i>Al-Qada
fi Al-Fiqh Al-Islamiy, </i>hlm. 243.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Shofian Ahmad, 2006.<i> Sabitan
Nasab Melalui Qiyafah</i>. dlm. Al-Syariah. Siti Zalikhah Md. Nor et. al. Jilid
3. Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Muhammad Rafa’at Othman, 1992. <i>Al-Qada
fi Al-Fiqh Al-Islamiy, </i>hlm. 255.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mujazzir al-Mudlajiy merupakan
seorang pakar qiyafah dair suku bani Mudlaj pada zaman Rasulullah.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Al-Son’ani. <i>Subul al-Salam Sharh
Bulugh al-Maram.</i> Jilid 4. Kaherah : Dar al-Hadith, hlm. 1492. (Hadis 1331).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Noor Inayah Yaakub dan Jasri
Jamal. Keterangan Dokumen dan Teknologi. dlm. Zaini Nasohah et al. Syariah dan
Undang-Undang : Suatu Perbandingan. Utusan Publication & Distributors Sdn.
Bhd.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
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Naufal Tarmizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18171464018688486581noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7724524930660709206.post-22981791506166926562012-12-09T02:06:00.002-08:002012-12-10T19:37:39.939-08:00(ESEI - ARTIKEL) Aspek-Aspek Klasikal Dalam Undang-Undang Keterangan Islam dan Kesesuaiannya Dalam Masyarakat Global Masa Kini<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengenalan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Arus modenisasi yang dikecapi masyarakat
global masa kini menyebabkan statut perundangan terutamanya aspek keterangan perlu
menjalani proses semakan semula supaya ia selari dengan tuntutan semasa.
Undang-undang syariah juga terkena tempiasnya. Sehingga ke hari ini, tokoh
perundangan dan ahli akademik masih menjalankan proses semakan semula statut undang-undang
keterangan Islam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Oleh itu, artikel ini cuba untuk mengeluarkan semula aspek-aspek keterangan
yang telah digariskan oleh fuqaha dan ulama’ terdahulu dan menilai sejauhmana
ia masih bersesuaian dengan situasi semasa. Penulisan ini akan merujuk kepada
perkembangan terkini di Malaysia sebagai sampel kepada masyarakat global kerana
Malaysia menerima pakai keempat-empat pandangan mazhab ahli sunnah wal-jamaah,
disamping perkembangan yang progresif ke arah mengemaskini statut keterangan
Islam sedia ada di negeri-negeri di Malaysia.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Objektif</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan
aspek-aspek klasikal dalam undang-undang keterangan Islam. Ini dilakukan dengan
menyenaraikan seberapa banyak terminologi yang didapati dari penulisan artikel
yang lain dan kitab-kitab fiqh yang membincangkan tentang undang-undang
keterangan dan pembuktian.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Seterusnya penulis akan mengkaji sejauhmana
undang-undang keterangan Islam boleh dilestarikan dengan kesesuaian peredaran
zaman. Ini penting untuk mengenalpasti adakah aspek keterangan yang telah
digariskan dalam Islam bersesuaian dengan perkembangan masyarakat setempat.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Akhir sekali, penulis ingin meneliti
sejauhmana prinsip undang-undang keterangan Islam menerima betuk keterangan
yang bersifat saintifik dan baharu. Apatahlagi apada zaman ini, variasi
teknologi moden yang dicipta dan kepakaran manusia yang pelbagai menyebabkan
bahan bukti mudah untuk dieskploitasi.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Konsep
Undang-Undang Keterangan</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span><u>Definisi</u>
</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan dalam Islam sering dikaitkan
dengan terma <i>al-bayyinah.</i> Secara umumnya, <i>al-bayyinah </i>ini
merangkumi semua bentuk keterangan yang diterimapakai di Mahkamah. Menurut Abu
al-Qasim al-Asfahaniy, <i>al-bayyinah</i> adalah satu pentunjuk yang jelas sama
ada secara logik akal mahupun diketahui melalui pancaindera.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibnu
Qayyim dan Ibnu Farhum seterusnya menjelaskan bahawa terdapat beberapa terma
yang merujuk kepada maksud yang sama dengan <i>al-bayyinah</i> iaitu <i>al-hujjah,
al-dalil, al-burhan, al-ayat, al-tabsirat, al-alamat </i>dan <i>al-ammarat</i>,
yang membawa maksud<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sesuatu yang
menjelaskan yang benar, menepati apa yang berlaku selari dengan hakikat
sebenar.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Manakala definisi al-Kasaniy tentang
keterangan adalah selari dengan penulisan G.D. Noke iaitu bukti kepada suatu
fakta yang diambil di hadapan Qadi atau dalam sidang penghakiman, sama ada
melibatkan perlakuan (actus reus) mahupun keadaan mental seseorang (mens rea).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> Secara
umumnya, konsep keterangan menurut pandangan fuqaha’ dan tokoh perundangan
Barat tidak banyak bezanya yang mana menjurus kepada sebarang fakta,
kecenderungan dan persediaan, niat, keyakinan atau kepercayaan tentang kewujudan
sesuatu perkara yang didakwa.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span><i>Al-bayyinah
</i>dan keterangan <i>(evidence).</i></span></b></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kebanyakan tokoh perundangan konvensional
berselisih dalam meletakkan skop perbahasan definisi keterangan sama ada
penekanan diberikan kepada alat pembuktian <i>(means of proof)</i> atau kepada
kesan pembuktian <i>(proof)</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Manakala fuqaha’ pula berselisih dalam menjelaskan maksud <i>bayyinah</i> sama
ada selari dengan <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>syahadah </i>atau
sebaliknya.</span></div>
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<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span><i>Al-Bayyinah
</i>dan<i> al-Syahadah</i></span></b></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Para fuqaha tidak sependapat dalam
menjelaskan perbezaan terma bagi konsep keterangan dalam Islam iaitu <i>al-bayyinah
</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan <i>al-syahadah.</i> <i>Al-syahadah</i>
mempunyai pelbagai maksud antaranya <i>mu’ayyanah,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
yakni memberi kesaksian terhadap perkara yang benar dan tertentu,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
ada di tempat tertentu, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
dan juga kehadiran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sesetengah fuqaha menyamakan konsep <i>al-bayyinah
</i>dengan konsep<i> al-syahadah. </i>Ini berasaskan terma lain yang digunakan
bagi merujuk kedua-dua konsep ini iaitu <i>burhan, dilalah, ayat, tabsirat,
‘alamah</i> dan<i> ‘ammarah</i> yang mempunyai maksud yang hampir sama.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ini disokong dengan firman Allah Taala yang menggunakan kalimah <i>al-syahahadah
</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagi merujuk maksud <i>al-bayyinah </i>:</span></div>
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(zina) kepada perempuan Yang terpelihara kehormatannya, kemudian mereka tidak
membawakan empat orang saksi, maka sebatlah mereka delapan puluh kali sebat;
dan janganlah kamu menerima persaksian mereka itu selama-lamanya; kerana mereka
adalah orang-orang Yang fasik;”</span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 9;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah an-Nur (24) : 4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahkan terdapat juga firman Allah Taala
yang lain yang merujuk kepada penggunaan kalimah <i>al-bayyinah </i>yang
membawa maksud <i>al-syahadah.</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut al-Hurri,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kedua-duanya adalah berbeza dan tidak sama
maksudnya. Bahkan <i>al-syahadah</i> merupakan sebahagian dari konsep <i>al-bayyinah
</i>kerana <i>al-bayyinah</i> adalah satu bukti menyeluruh yang menjelaskan
kebenaran suatu fakta.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> Ini
dikuatkan lagi dengan penulisan Abdul Muin Abdul Rahman yang menyatakan Ibn
Qayyim menganggap siapa yang mengehadkan konsep <i>bayyinah</i> kepada bilangan
saksi, maka dia tidak menjelaskan maksud sebenar konsep <i>al-bayyinah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
Dalam kitab <i>I’lam al-Muwwaqi’in,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
</i>ada menukilkan kata-kata Ibn Qayyim ini iaitu :</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">البينة
في كلام الله و رسوله و كلام الصحابة اسم لكل ما يبين الحق فهي اعم من البينة في
اصطلاح الفقهاء حيث خصوها بالشاهدين أو الشاهد واليمين</span><i><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aspek
Undang-Undang Keterangan Islam </span></b></div>
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<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span><br /></span></b></u></div>
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<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bentuk
Keterangan</span></b></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mahkamah Syariah telah mengguna pakai
beberapa elemen keterangan dan pembuktian yang menjadi amalan dalam perundangan
Islam. Hanya pengakuan (<i>iqrar)</i>, keterangan saksi <i>(syahadah)</i> dan
sumpah <i>(yamin)</i> merupakan bentuk keterangan yang disepakati para Fuqaha’.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Al-Iqrar
(Pengakuan)</span></b></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bermaksud mengaku atau membuat pengakuan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dari sudut istilah, iqrar bermaksud </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">memberitahu seorang akan sabit hak orang lain ke atas dirinya
walaupun buat masa akan datang tetapi bukanlah semata-mata pemberitahuan bahkan
pada hakikatnya iqrar itu juga adalah <i>ikhbar </i>(pemberitahuan) dan dari
sudut lain bermaksud <i>insya’ </i>(mencipta sesuatu).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></b></u></div>
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<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Al-Syahadah
(Saksi)</span></b></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Syahadah boleh didefinisikan sebagai suatu
pemberitahuan yang benar bagi mensabitkan sesuatu hak dengan lafaz <i>asyhadu</i>
dalam Mahkamah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
Cara pembuktian ini juga disepakati oleh para ulama’ sebagai satu cara
pembuktian dalam undang-undang keterangan Islam. Bahkan tiada pendapat ulama’
yang menolak atau menafikan kedudukan syahadah dalam Islam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Al-Yamin
(Sumpah)</u></span></b>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara umumnya, al-Yamin disyariatkan bertujuan
bagi menguatkan sama ada dari aspek kebenaran dalam mensabitkan hak serta
penafian ataupun tatkala gagal dalam mengemukakan bukti dan keterangan. Sumpah
ini juga kadangkala disebut <i>al-yamin al-asliyyah, al-wajibah, al-rafi’ah,
yamin jalibah, yamin tuhmah </i>dan <i>yamin istizhar.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
</i>Jika satu pihak enggan bersumpah selepas diarahkan oleh Mahkamah untuk
berbuat demikian, maka pihak tersebut dianggap telah melakukan <i>nukul yamin </i>dan
mahkamah akan mengarahkan satu pihak lagi untuk mengangkat sumpah. </span></div>
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<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Al-Qarinah
(Fakta Berkaitan atau Keterangan Keadaan)</span></b></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Qarinah boleh disamakan dengan keterangan keadaan <i>(circumstantial
evidence)</i>. Ia bermaksud bukti atau segala wasilah yang dibenarkan untuk
dikemukakan di mahkamah dengan tujuan membuktikan kewujudan sesuatu fakta. Ini
bermakna qarinah adalah satu tanda jelas untuk membuktikan sesuatu fakta yang
tersembunyi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span><u>Al-Ra’yu
al-Khabir (Pendapat Pakar)</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Seksyen 33, Akta Keterangan Mahkamah Syariah
(Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1997 membenarkan pendapat saksi diterima sebagai
keterangan di Mahkamah dengan syarat saksi tersebut merupakan seorang pakar dan
pendapatnya adalah berkaitan dengan fakta yang dikemukakan. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bahkan keterangan pakar ini ada diperjelaskan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">oleh Prof Dr
Anwarullah sebagai salah satu bentuk keterangan yang diterima dalam Islam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<u><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Al-Qiyafah</span></b></u></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam bidang sains, qiyafah sering kali
dirujuk dengan perkataan <i>anthroposcopy </i>atau <i>physiognomy </i>iaitu
satu bentuk kemahiran mengenalpasti susur galur keturunan seseorang apabila
berlakunya percampuran keturunan tersebut.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Orang yang pakar dalam qiyafah digelar sebagai qa’if.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>
Namun ia berbeza dengan keterangan pakar kerana keterangan pakar dimasukkan
sebagai qarinah. Bahkan Ibn Qayyim meletakkan keterangan pakar terasing
daripada qarinah kerana keterangan pakar boleh mencapai tahap yakin.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Amalan qiyafah ini selari dengan hadis yang
diriwayatkan daripada Saidatina Aisyah yang bermaksud :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Pada suatu
hari Rasulullan s.a.w datang kepadaku dalam keadaan amat sukacita sehingga
jelas terpancar kecantikan wajahnya. Katanya : Tahukah kamu bahawa Mujazzir
al-Mudaljiy<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
telah datang berjumpaku. Dia telah melihat Usamah (si anak) dan Zaid (si bapa)
yang menutup muka dan kepala mereka dengan sehelai kain dan memperlihatkan kaki
kedua-duanya sahaja. Lalu Mujazzir meneka bahawa kaki kedua-dua mereka adalah
daripada keturunan yang sama.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span><u>Al-Kitabah
(Dokumen)</u></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beradasarkan seksyen 3, Akta Keterangan Mahkamah
Syariah (Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1997 mentafsirkan keterangan dokumen
sebagai salah satu bentuk keterangan yang diterimapakai di Mahkamah Syariah.
Kedudukan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">keterangan dokumen menurut hukum syara’
diperjelaskan oleh Noor Inayah Yaakub dan Jasri Jamal dalam artikel mereka
berjudul <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Keterangan Dokumen Dan Teknologi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
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<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Ilm
al-Qadi</span></b></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ia merupakan satu bentuk pengetahuan atau
maklumat yang diperolehi secara peribadi oleh hakim berkaitan dengan kes yang
dihadirinya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>
Secara prinsipnya, seorang hakim akan menetapkan keputusan berdasarkan maklumat
dan fakta yang diperolehi ketika perbicaraan. Mengikut Imam Syafie, pengetahuan
dan maklumat Hakim yang diperoleh di luar Mahkamah boleh dijadikan asas hukuman
jika ia diperolehi oleh dua orang saksi lelaki, manakala Mazhab Hanafi pula
menolak keterangan ini dalam kes hudud. Namun berdasarkan pendapat Mazhab
Zahiri, keterangan ini perlu digunakan dalam semua kes termasuk hudud, bahkan
Ibnu Hazm menambah bahawa pengetahuan Hakim merupakan keterangan yang perlu
didahulukan berbanding pengakuan (iqrar) dan keterangan saksi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Al-Qasamah</span></b></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara umumnya, qasamah adalah salah satu
bentuk sumpah. Namun ia berbeza daripada sumpah al-Yamin. Jumhur yang terdiri
daripada Mazhab Maliki, Syafie dan Hanbali berpendapat qasamah merupakan sumpah
yang dibuat oleh <i>wali al-dam</i> untuk mendakwa penduduk yang menjumpai
mangsa pembunuhan ditempat mereka.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>
Qasamah juga didefinisikan sebagai sumpah yang dibuat oleh penduduk sesuatu
tempat terhadap satu pembunuhan yang tidak diketahui siapa pembunuhnya.
Definisi ini disokong oleh pendapat Mazhab Hanafi dengan menambah lafaz
sumpahnya :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>“Demi
Allah aku tak membunuhnya dan aku tak tahu siapa pembunuhnya.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[32]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
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<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Li’an</span></b></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Li’an adalah prosedur sumpah yang dikenakan
terhadap suami apabila suami tersebut menuduh isteri berzina tanpa dapat
mengemukakan empat orang saksi lelaki Muslim yang adil.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Al-Qur’ah
(Undian)</span></b></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dr. Karim Zaidan menjelaskan bahawa undian boleh
dianggap sebagai salah satu bentuk keterangan bagi pembuktian di mahkamah,
namun kedudukannya adalah di akhir turutan bentuk keterangan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam buku yang sama, Dr. Karim Zaidan memetik kata-kata al-Qarafi dalm
kitabnya ‘<i>al-Furuq’</i> yang menghuraikan bahawa undian hanya dibuat bagai
pertikaian yang wujud persamaan beberapa hak dan kepentingan seperti kes
hadhanah, penentuan siapa yang akan bersumpah dahulu dalam kalangan pihak yang
bertikai, antara dua orang pemungut barang tercicir, penentuan saham syarikat,
antara dua orang yang mendakwa ke atas satu benda, undi dalam kes pemerdekaan
dan kes talak.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <u>Jenis
dan Mutu Keterangan</u><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[36]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span><u>Jenis
Keterangan</u></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span></u><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bayyinah
Mubasyarah dan Bayyinah Ghayr Mubasyarah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Juga dikenali dengan keterangan langsung
dan tidak langsung<b>. </b>Keterangan langsung adalah seperti keterangan
material (<i>dilalah maddiyyah</i>), <i>real evidence</i> (<i>bayyinah
haqiqiyyah/zahirah/ mu’ayyanah</i>) dan <i>demonstrative evidence</i> (<i>bayyinah
taswiriyyah</i>) seperti mengemukakan bukti senjata yang digunakan dalam kes
bunuh,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a><b>
</b>keterangan bersumpah saksi (<i>testimony/syhadah ‘ala yamin)</i>, <i>oral/parole
evidence (bayyinah shafawiyyah) </i>dan<i> personal evidence (dilalah
al-kalamiyy) </i>dan keterangan lisan juga dianggap sebagai keterangan
langsung. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan tak langung pula seperti keterangan
keadaan (<i>circumstantial evidence), </i>dikenali juga dengan terma keterangan
anggapan <i>(presumptive evidence/ dilalah al-mabniyyah ‘ala qarinah)</i> dan
keterangan kesimpulan <i>(inferential evidence/ dalil istintajiyy), </i>keterangan
dengar cakap (<i>hearsay evidence/ syahadah sima’iyyah)</i>. Ia juga
kadang-kadang dirujuk sebagai <i>unoriginal evidence</i> (mendapat maklumat dari
pihak ketiga)<i> dan original evidence</i> (maklumat hasil tanggapan saksi).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bayyinah
Awwaliyyah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lebih dikenali dengan terma keterangan
primer <i>(primary evidence)</i> yang merujuk kepada penggunaan keterangan
lisan dan dokumen<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a>
sebagai bukti tertinggi mutunya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Bayyinah
Thanawiyyah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dikenali sebagai keterangan sekunder <i>(secondary
evidence)</i> dan lawan kepada keterangan primer. Mutu keterangannya lebih
rendah daripada keterangan primer. Kebiasaannya keterangan sekunder akan
digunakan jika keterangan primer tak dapat dikemukakan ke mahkamah.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Bayyinah
Mustanadiyyah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ia adalah keterangan dokumen sama ada
dokumen primer dan sekunder, atau dokumen awam<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a>
atau persendirian.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Syahadah
Sulukiyyah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lebih dikenali dengan keterangan watak <i>(Character
Evidence)</i> yang merangkumi reputasi, pembawaan <i>(disposition) </i>atau
tabiat, dan kesalahan lalu.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Syahadah
Ijtahadiyyah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dikenali keterangan pendapat oleh saksi
termasuklah <i>non-expert </i>(hanya tentang pengalaman harian manusia)<i> </i>atau<i>
expert</i> (pakar).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Mutu
Keterangan</span></b></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></b></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Bayyinah
Maqbulah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan kompeten yakni satu keterangan
yang diperlukan ada dalam membuktikan suatu dakwaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Bayyinah
Kafiah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan memuaskan merujuk kepada jumlah
bukti yang memuaskan minda <i>(unprejudiced mind)</i>. Dalam kes jenayah perlu
sampai ke tahap <i>beyond reasonable doubt.</i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Bayyinah
Idafiyyah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan yang bersifat kumulatif iaitu
berkumpulnya bukti-bukti yang sama jenis bagi menunjukkan perkara yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Bayyinah
Mu’ayyidah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan yang menyokong antara
bukti-bukti yang berlainan sifat bagi menunjukkan perkara yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Dalil
Zahir</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam kes jenayah ia dikenali dengan
keterangan Prima Facie yang membawa maksud keterangan yang cukup untuk
melepaskan beban bukti, atau keterangan fakta yang mencukupi untuk dilakukan
kesimpulan kewujudan sesuatu fakta yang tidak bersifat konklusif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Dalil
Qati’e</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Juga bermaksud keterangan konlusif, satu keterangan
yang tidak boleh disangkal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Beban
Bukti Dan Perpindahan Beban Bukti</span></b></u></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebelum penghakiman dibuat, hakim terlebih
dahulu perlu yakin dengan bukti yang telah dikemukakan di hadapannya. Keyakinan
ini diperoleh melalui pengamatannya berdasarkan keterangan yang dikemukakan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a> Beban
bukti ialah tanggungjawab yang terletak pada pihak yang berkaitan dengan
sesuatu fakta yang menjadi isu yang mesti ditunaikan jika pihak tersebut ingin
memenangi isu yang dipertikaikan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam kes mal (sivil), beban bukti adalah
terletak kepada orang yang membuat tuntutan. Ini selaras dengan prinsip :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">البينة على المدعي واليمين على من انكر</span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Prinsip ini
bermaksud pihak yang menuntut bertanggungjawab untuk mengemukakan bukti atau
keterangan (<i>bayyinah</i>) dan pihak yang kena tuntut dikehendaki bersumpah
untuk menafikan tuntutan tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a>
Manakala dalam kes Aishah Abd. Rauf<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lwn.
Wan Mohd Yusof<b> </b>berkaitan permohonan poligami, Jawatankuasa Rayuan telah
memutuskan bahawa beban bukti kemampuan berpoligami terletak atas pemohon (si
suami).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sumpah penafian tuntutan yang dilakukan oleh pihak yang kena tuntut adalah
merupakan contoh perpindahan beban bukti dalam kes mal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Manakala
dalam kes jenayah, beban bukti terletak atas bahu pihak Pendakwa sehingga
mencapai tahap kes prima facie. Selepas tahap prima facie, maka pihak tertuduh
akan dikehendaki untuk membela diri. Prosedur pembelaan ini menyaksikan
kewujudan perpindahan beban bukti daripada Pendakwa kepada tertuduh untuk
menafikan fakta yang telah dikemukakan oleh Pendakwa sebelum ini. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Darjah
Pembuktian</span></b></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
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Darjah pembuktian bermaksud tahap atau piawai yang berkaitan dengan kepercayaan Mahkamah. <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Darjah pembuktian boleh diklasifikasikan seperti berikut </span><a href="http:///#_ftn44">[44]</a></div>
<br />
(a) Yakin : 100 %<br />
(b) Zan al-ghalib (besar kemungkinan/ berat sangka / tanpa keraguan yang munasabah): 90-99 %<br />
(c) Zan (pertimbangan kemungkinan) : 51 – 89 %<br />
(d) Syak : 50 %<br />
(e) Waham : bawah 49 %<br />
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Darjah pembuktian dalam kes mal adalah cukup sekadar pada tahap zan atau pertimbangan kemungkinan. Manakala dalam kes jenayah, darjah pembuktiannya mestilah berada pada tahap ghalabah al-zan. Ini kerana prinsip pembuktian dalam kes jenayah adalah melepasi tahap keraguan munasabah (beyond reasonable doubt).</div>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Analisis
dan Komentar</span></b></div>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b><br />
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<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan
pakar</span></b></u>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada dasarnya, pendapat saksi tidak
diterima pakai dalam sidang mahkamah. Namun, seorang saksi boleh mempunyai
kelayakan untuk diterima pendapatnya jika dia adalah seorang pakar dari sudut
pengetahuan, kemahiran, pengalaman serta pernah melakukan kajian berkaitan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a> Majallah
al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah juga mengiktiraf keterangan pakar sebagai kesaksian yang
asli dan tulen sungguhpun pakar tersebut tidak melafazkan lafaz <i>syahadah </i>sebagai
saksi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a> Namun,
keterangan pakar seperti doktor dan ahli perubatan, atau jika terdapat
percanggahan antara keterangan pakar, tidak boleh membawa kepada hukuman hudud,
sebaliknya hukuman ta’zir sahaja boleh dikenakan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Qiyafah
vs DNA</span></b></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perbincangan mengenai Qiyafah dan DNA
merupakan campuran antara perbahasan tentang keterangan Pakar dan keterangan
Dokumen. Qiyafah adalah pembuktian mensabitkan nasab berasaskan persamaan
antara seorang dengan yang lain.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a> Dari
sudut istilah, ia bermaksud perbuatan orang yang ada kemahiran mengenali
salasilah keturunan seseorang apabila berlakunya percampuran keturunan
tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumhur sepakat mengharuskan amalan qiyafah,
namun Imam Abu Hanifah menolaknya dengan hujah ia berasaskan tekaan
semata-mata. Shofian Ahmad menjelaskan perbezaan pendapat ini dan membuat
kesimpulan bahawa pendapat jumhur adalah pendapat terpilih kerana ada asas nas
al-Quran dan sunnah yang kukuh.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[50]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Imam Maliki berpendapat bilangan pakar
qiyafah yang diperlukan dalam sabitan nasab adalah dua orang. Jika hanya ada
seorang, masih boleh diterima namun jika pendapatnya bercanggah dengan pakar
qiyafah yang lain, maka keterangannya akan digugurkan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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Penggunaan ujian DNA (Asid Deoksiribonukleik) pula dapat menentukan hubungan biologi antara anak, ibu dan bapa tanpa nikah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn52">[52]</a> Penggunaan DNA juga adalah merupakan kaedah pembuktian yang paling kontemporari<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn53">[53]</a> dan mudah disamping mempunyai ketepatan yang tinggi iaitu sebanyak (99.99%). Kaedah ini hampir sama dengan qiyafah<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn54">[54]</a> atau physiognomy yang telah diperkenalkan sejak zaman Nabi SAW dan dipraktikkan oleh para sahabat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn55">[55]</a></div>
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Struktur awal DNA telah dicadangkan oleh Watson dan Crick dalam “Molecular Structure of Nukleic Acid”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn56">[56]</a>, manakala Erwin Chargraft dari Universiti Columbia telah mencadangkan dalam tahun 1950 bahawa semua sampel DNA mengandungi 4 nekletida<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn57">[57]</a> yang sama. <i><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dr. Alex Jeyreys</span></i><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> adalah pakar yang mula-mula membawa hasil kerjanya terhadap DNA dan
memberi keterangan tentang ujian DNA di mahkamah pada tahun 1986. </span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sejak tahun itu,
keterangan DNA adalah merupakan keterangan pakar (pakar forensik) yang penting
dan digunakan di Mahkamah bagi membuktikan identiti pesalah jenayah.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn58">[58]</a><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Manakala di Malaysia, penggunaan DNA telah digunakan secara meluas di
Mahkamah Sivil manakala di Mahkamah Syariah, Hakim Mahkamah Syariah telah mula
menggunapakai DNA sebagai <i>bayyinah</i> atau pembuktian kes bagi sabitan
pengesahan status nasab bagi kes Harta Pusaka, Hak Penjagaan Anak (Hadhanah)
dan Jenayah Syariah dalam kes persetubuhan haram.</span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sheikh Nizar al-Shu’aybi<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[59]</span></span></span></span></a> semasa
persidangan ke-16 bagi Forum<i> Islamic World League </i>telah menjelaskan
keadaan-keadaan yang membolehkan DNA diterima sebagai satu kaedah pembuktian
bagi kesalahan ta’zir sahaja seperti untuk menyelesaikan pertikaian keturunan
akibat kesilapan berkahwin dengan darah daging sendiri, untuk mengenalpasti
bayi yang baru lahir di hospital dan mencari keluarga yang hilang akibat
bencana dan peperangan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[60]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Bilangan
saksi, Saksi Wanita dan bukan Islam</span></b></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bilangan saksi yang digariskan dalam Islam
adalah seperti empat saksi untuk jenayah zina,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[61]</span></span></span></span></a> tiga
saksi lelaki (Imam Ahmad dan Mazhab Syafie) bagi masalah pembuktian pembayaran
zakat,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[62]</span></span></span></span></a> dua
saksi lelaki yang terpakai dalam semua kes kecuali jenayah zina (pendapat Imam
Malik, Syafie, Abu Ubayd dan Abu Thawr),<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[63]</span></span></span></span></a> satu
saksi lelaki bersamaan dua saksi wanita dalam kes kehartaan<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[64]</span></span></span></span></a>
(Hanafiyyah berpendapat selain kes hudud,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[65]</span></span></span></span></a>
manakala Zahiriyyah pula selain kes zina<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[66]</span></span></span></span></a>),
satu saksi bersama sumpah hanya dalam kes kehartaan sahaja (pendapat Khulafa’
al-Rasyidun, Umar Abd al-Azizi, Shurayh, Malik, Ibn Abi Layla, Abi al-Zinad,
al-Syafi’e dan Imam Ahmad)<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[67]</span></span></span></span></a>
dan satu saksi lelaki dalam semua kes kecuali dalam hal penentuan bulan
Ramadhan (Qadi Shurayh, Zaharah Ibn Abi Aufah dan Ibn Qayyim).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[68]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Undang-undang sivil tidak mementingkan
bilangan saksi. Sedangkan adalah bahaya untuk berpegang kepada bukti yang tidak
selari (<i>uncorroborated testimony),</i> sebagaimana yang dijelaskan Sarkas
dalam kes saksi ‘Brooks’ yang menuduh 2 orang lelaki mencederakan mangsa.
Mereka dihukum 10 tahun penjara dan dua tahun sebelum kematian, Brooks mengaku
kesalahannya membuat tuduhan palsu dan mereka dibebaskan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[69]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahkan dalam undang-undang sivil, jantina
bukan satu penghalang kepada kesaksian. Perbezaan pendapat dari kalangan
fuqaha’ tentang penerimaan kesaksian wanita wujud bukan kerana diskriminasi
gender sebaliknya lebih menjurus kepada kaedah kesaksian yang adil dan
ketepatan dalam mengemukakan keterangan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[70]</span></span></span></span></a>
Wan Nor Ainon pula menegaskan bahawa tiada prejudis terhadap kesaksian wanita
dalam Islam selagimana mereka berpegang teguh sumber perundangan hukum syarak.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[71]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manakala Dr. Karim Zaidan pula menyatakan
tiada perselisihan pendapat tentang kesaksian wanita (tanpa saksi lelaki)
mengikut Mazhab Hanbali dalam kes penyusuan (Hanafiyyah menolak penyaksian
wanita dalam kes ini), <i>wiladah</i> (beranak), tangisan bayi ketika lahir
atau <i>istihlal</i>, kecacatan pada kemaluan wanita dan habis iddah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[72]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kesimpulan yang dibuat oleh Dr. Mohd Daud Bakar menunjukkan bahawa kesaksian
wanita boleh diterimapakai dalam semua kes jika terdapat darurat yakni tidak
wujud saksi lelaki, atau saksi wanita itu ramai dan tidak bercanggah keterangan
antara mereka berasaskan perumpamaan yang diberikan oleh Ibn Qayyim dan
kedudukan yang serupa bagi saksi bukan islam atau kanak-kanak.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[73]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">English Law</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> juga mengiktiraf agama adalah pra-syarat
dalam memberi kesaksian dalam undang-undang mereka kerana perbezaan
kepercayaan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[74]</span></span></span></span></a>
Contoh dalam kes <i>Bowmen v Secular Society Limited<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn75" name="_ftnref75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[75]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
</i>Lord Summer menjelaskan :</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“ours is and
always has been a Christian state. The English Family is built on Christian
idea, and if the national si not religion there is none. English law may be
called Christian law, but we apply many of rules and most of its principles
with equally good government, in heathen communities and its sections, even in
courts of conscience they are material and not spiritual”</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Qarinah
dalam jenayah hudud dan qisas</span></b></u></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jenayah
bunuh dan mencederakan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Imam Malik dan Ahmad berpendapat selain
iqrar, pembuktian bagi kesalahan qisas juga termasuk qarinah. Ini diperjelaskan
lagi dengan kata-kata Ibn Qayyim yang menyatakan jika mangsa yang dibunuh
dijumpai bersama seseorang yang memegang pisau berlumuran darah, maka tak syak
lagi orang itu adalah pembunuhnya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn76" name="_ftnref76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[76]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Jenayah
zina dan rogol (<i>zina bi al-jabr)</i></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hanya Imam Malik sahaja bersetuju dengan
qarinah mengandung bagi membuktikan seseorang wanita itu berzina dengan syarat
tiada tanda dipaksa pada anggota badannya dan dia adalah orang tempatan.
Pendapat Imam Malik ini berasaskan pandangan Hazrat Umar yang menyatakan
hukuman rejam dikenakan kepada lelaki dan wanita yang berkahwin jika ia
dibuktikan melalui iqrar, saksi, qarinah mengandung bagi yang tidak berkahwin
dan jika wanita itu tak mendakwa dirinya dipaksa.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[77]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Manakala fuqaha bersepakat qarinah laporan
perubatan dalam jenayah zina dan rogol tidak sampai ke tahap hukuman hudud,
hanya ta’zir sahaja.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Jenayah
Curi</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Imam Ahmad dan diperkuatkan dengan
kenyataan Ibn Qayyim, hukuman hudud boleh dikenakan kepada pencuri jika
dibuktikan melalui qarinah seperti barangan curi ada dalam simpanannya. Selain
dari qarinah itu, tertuduh boleh dijatuhkan hukuman ta’zir sahaja.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn78" name="_ftnref78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[78]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jenayah
minum arak</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Qarinah bau arak di mulut atau muntah boleh
dijadikan bukti hukuman hudud bagi jenayah minum arak mengikut pendapat Imam
Malik dan Ahmad.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn79" name="_ftnref79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[79]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
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<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Komentar
dan Cadangan</span></b></u></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Terma yang berbeza dalam beberapa aspek klasikal
keterangan Islam barangkali menimbulkan kesukaran untuk difahami fungsi sebenar
elemen keterangan dalam Islam. Sebagai contoh <i>iqrar</i> yang mana ada
sesetengah pendapat menyamakannya dengan konsep <i>admission</i>, dan ada juga
yang mengatakan<i> confession.</i> Perbezaan ini sebenarnya berlaku dalam jenis
kes yang berbeza, namun dari sudut prinsipnya <i>iqrar</i> adalah berat kepada <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>confession</i> kerana ia mengikat pihak yang
membuat pengakuan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kesesuaian aspek keterangan Islam dengan
masyarakat global masa kini adalah pada prinsip keterangan Islam, walaupun
amalannya pada hari ini menampakkan kelompongan dalam undang-undang keterangan
Islam. Ini terjadi kerana statut keterangan Islam terutamanya di Malaysia
ditafsirkan mengikut pandangan mazhab dan kefahaman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masing-masing, dan juga terdapat peruntukan
yang tidak jelas dan khusus seperti peruntukan penarikan semula iqrar selepas
perintah mahkamah dikeluarkan seperti yang sering berlaku dalam kes pembayaran
nafkah tertunggak.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn80" name="_ftnref80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[80]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Oleh itu, penyelidikan lanjutan adalah
perlu bagi memastikan undang-undang keterangan digubal mengikut keperluan masyarakat
semasa. Ini adalah suatu yang perlu kerana undang-undang Islam atau syariah
tidak bersifat statik. Melalui penyelidikan lanjutan dengan meneliti beberapa bahan
bukti saintifik yang baharu, ia dapat menjustifikasikan betapa syariah itu
bersifat dinamik.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penerimaan sebarang bentuk keterangan baru
perlu menepati prinsip yang telah digariskan serta bertepatan dengan maqasid
Syariah. Saranan dari al-Maududi juga perlu diambil berat tentang kewajaran
melestarikan undang-undang syariah dengan faktor sejarah dan budaya setempat.
Oleh itu keghairahan dalam menggubal suatu undang-undang perlu mengikut
kerangka asal sistem perundangan itu <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>supaya tidak menjadi sesuatu yang menyulitkan
masyarakat untuk mengikutinya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penerimaan bahan-bahan saintifik dan
teknologi moden tidak boleh terus diterima. Bahkan sungguhpun secara zahirnya
tampak lebih jelas keterangannya, ia tidak seharusnya menggantikan kesemua
bentuk keterangan yang telah digariskan dalam Islam contohnya pembuktian dalam
kes hudud dan qisas. Ini kerana falsafah pembuktian undang-undang Islam
bertujuan untuk mendidik dan bukan menghukum seperti undang-undang Barat.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Masyarakat Islam secara globalnya tidak melihat
undang-undang keterangan sivil sebagai satu perkara yang asing dengan
undang-undang keterangan Islam. Namun, mereka melihat aspek keterangan sivil
dari sudut prinsipnya tidak termasuk dalam pembuktian kes hudud dan qisas. Ini
kerana pembuktian kes hudud adalah terlalu ketat <i>(rigid)</i> serta tidak
boleh wujud sebarang keraguan langsung, dan ia sudah tentu bercanggah dengan
prinsip pembuktian jenayah sivil yang hanya memerlukan <i>beyond reasonable
doubt </i>sebagai darjah pembuktiannya. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sungguhpun fuqaha’ sudah lama menetapkan
kaedah pembuktian dalam Islam, ia tidak bermakna bentuk bukti yang baru tidak
boleh diterima dalam Islam. Bahkan menurut Sidi Ahmad Abdullah, Islam menerima
apa jua kaedah dan prinsip yang dapat menyampaikan kepada matlamat keadilan termasuklah
bukti saintifik berasaskan kaedah fiqh ‘sesuatu perkara itu dinilai pada
matlamatnya’.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn81" name="_ftnref81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[81]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ini menunjukkan aspek keterangan Islam adalah sesuai sepanjang zaman.</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ruzman Md. Noor (2012), <i>Semakan Semula Undang-undang Keterangan Islam, </i>dlm.
Siti Shamsiah Md Supi. (pnyt) Korpus Undang-undang Islam Di Malaysia: Semakan
& Cabaran. Kuala Lumpur : Penerbit IKIM. h. 81-108.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Abu al-Qasim al-Hassan b. Muhammad
al-Raghib al-Asfahaniy (1961),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Al-Mufradat
fi Gharib al-Quran.</i> Cetakan Akhir. Mesir : Maktabah Wa Matba’ah Mustafa
al-Babiy al-Halabiy, h. 68.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah (t.th.), <i>Turuq
al-Hukmiyyah.</i> Kaherah : Dar al-Madaniy, h. 13. Lihat : Ibn Farhum (1995), <i>Tabsirah
al-Hukkam,</i> Jil. 1. Cetakan Pertama. Beirut : Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, h.
172.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Al-Kasaniy (1998), <i>al-Bada’i
al-Sana’i. </i>Jil. 5. Cetakan Ketiga. Beirut : Dar Ihya’ al-Turath, h. 417. <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>Lihat : G.D. Noke (1987), <i>An
Introduction to Evidence. </i>Edisi Keempat. London : Sweet & Maxwell, h.
3.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Siti Zalikhah Md Nor (2006), <i>Beberapa
Aspek Dalam Undang-Undnag Keterangan Islam, </i>dlm. Al-Syariah : Undang-Undang
Keterangan Islam, Siti Zalikhah Md. Nor et al. Jil. 3. Cetakan Pertama. Kuala
Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. h. 2.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Hassan Ab. Rahman (2004), <i>Pemakaian Prinsip-Prinsip Keterangan dalam
Peruntukan Statut Keterangan Syariah Malaysia : Satu Kajian Perbandingan Dengan
Peruntukan Akta Keterangan 1950;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tumpuan
Khusus Pada Bayyinah, Syahadah dan Qarinah, </i>Thesis. Universiti Malaya</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sayyid Sabiq (t.th.), <i>Fiqh al-Sunnah, </i>j. 3 (t.t.p.),(t.p.). h. 126</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> Muhammad
Zayd al-Anbani (t.th.), <i>Kitab Mabahith al-Murafa’at</i>, (t.t.p.), (t.p.).
h. 98</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Muhammad al-Khatib al-Sharbini (t.th.), <i>Mughni al-Muhtaj</i>, j. 4,
(t.t.p.), (t.p.) h. 426</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Wahbah Zuhaily (1989),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Al-Fiqh Islami wa Adillatuhu,</i> j. 6.
Damsyik : Dar al-Fikr.</span> h. 17</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah (1991), <i>al-Turuq
al-Hukmiyyah</i>. Beirut : Dar al-Fikr al-Lubnaniy. h.</span> 21</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
Al-Husairi (t.th.), <i>Ilm al-Qada’,</i> j. 1. (t.t.p.), (t.p.). h. 11</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Abdul Muin Abdul Rahman (1999), <i>Witnesses In Islamic Law of Evidence, </i>Selangor
: Pelanduk Publictaion, h.8 </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibn
Qayyim (1973), <i>I‘lam al-Muwwaqi‘in</i>, 1st ed., j. 1. Beirut: <i>Daru’l-Jayl</i>.
h. 90</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ruzman Md. Noor (2007), <i>Pembuktian di Mahkamah Syariah,</i> dlm
Undang-Undang Islam di Malaysia : Prinsip dan Amalan, Ahmad Hidayat Buang et.
al. Kuala Lumpur : Penerbit Universiti Malaya. h. 175.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mahmud Saedon A. Othman (2003),<i> Undang-undang Keterangan Islam</i>. Kuala
Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. h.41<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Al-Khatib Muhammad al-Sharbiniy (1995),
<i>Mughni al-Muhtaj. </i>j.4. Beirut : Dar al-Fikr. h. 540.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
Al-Kahlaniy, Muhammad bin Ismail (1995), <i>Subul al-Salam.</i> j. 4. Beirut :
Dar al-Fikr. h. 126.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ruzman Md. Noor (2007), <i>Pembuktian di Mahkamah Syariah,</i> dlm.
Undang-Undang Islam di Malaysia : Prinsip dan Amalan, Ahmad Hidayat Buang et.
al. Kuala Lumpur : Penerbit Universiti Malaya. h. 194-197.<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Wahbah Zuhaily (1989),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Al-Fiqh Islami wa Adillatuhu,</i> j. 6.
Damsyik : Dar al-Fikr. h. 644</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Prof. Dr. Anwarullah(1999), <i>Evidence
By Expert (Experts‘ Opinion).</i> dlm. Principles of Evidence in Islam. A. S.
Noordeen Press : Kuala Lumpur. h. 128</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Muhammad Rafa’at Othman (1992), <i>Al-Qada
fi Al-Fiqh Al-Islamiy, </i>(t.t.p.), (t.p.).<i> </i>h. 243.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Shofian Ahmad (2006),<i> Sabitan
Nasab Melalui Qiyafah</i>. dlm. Al-Syariah. Siti Zalikhah Md. Nor et. al. j. 3.
Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> <i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Op.cit. </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">h. 255.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mujazzir al-Mudlajiy merupakan
seorang pakar qiyafah dari suku bani Mudlaj pada zaman Rasulullah.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Al-Son’ani (t.th.), <i>Subul
al-Salam Sharh Bulugh al-Maram.</i> No. hadith 1331. j. 4. Kaherah : Dar
al-Hadith, h. 1492. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Noor Inayah Yaakub dan Jasri
Jamal (t.th.), <i>Keterangan Dokumen dan Teknologi,</i> dlm. Zaini Nasohah et
al. Syariah dan Undang-Undang : Suatu Perbandingan. (t.t.p.), Utusan
Publication & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ruzman Md. Noor (2007), <i>Pembuktian di Mahkamah Syariah,</i> dlm
Undang-Undang Islam di Malaysia : Prinsip dan Amalan, Ahmad Hidayat Buang et.
al. Kuala Lumpur : Penerbit Universiti Malaya. h. 175.<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a>
Paizah Hj. Ismail (2008), <i>Kaedah Pembuktian Dalam Kes Hudud.</i> Jurnal Fiqh
No. 5 (2008) : [23]- 46</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>
‘Abd Rahman al-Jaza’iry (t.th.),<i> Kitab al-Fiqh ‘Ala Mazahib al-‘Arba’ah.</i>
j. 5. Mesir : Dar al-Irsyad. h. 271-276</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">‘Ala al-Din Abu Bakr Ibn Mas’ud
al-Kasaniy (1997), <i>Bada’I al-Sana’I Fi Tartib al-Shara’i . </i>j. 10. Tahqiq
‘Ali Mu’awwad & ‘Adil Ahmad Abd al-Mawjud. Beirut : Dar al-Kutub
al-‘Ilmiyyah. h. 375.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ruzman Md. Noor (2007), <i>Pembuktian di Mahkamah Syariah,</i> dlm
Undang-Undang Islam di Malaysia : Prinsip dan Amalan, Ahmad Hidayat Buang et. al.
Kuala Lumpur : Penerbit Universiti Malaya. h. 175.<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dr. Karim Zaidan (1993), <i>Prinsip-Prinsip Pendakwaan dan Pembuktian dalam
Sistem Kehakiman Islam, </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mohd Salleh
Bin Haji Ahmad (terj.). Shah Alam : HIZBI. h. 171<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>
h. 172-177<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>
Hassan Ab. Rahman (2004), <i>Pemakaian Prinsip-Prinsip Keterangan dalam
Peruntukan Statut Keterangan Syariah Malaysia : Satu Kajian Perbandingan Dengan
Peruntukan Akta Keterangan 1950;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tumpuan
Khusus Pada Bayyinah, Syahadah dan Qarinah, </i>Thesis. Universiti Malaya</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lihat : Seksyen 60 (3) Akta
Keterangan 1950; Seksyen 47 (3) Enakmen Keterangan Syariah Negeri-Negeri.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>
Seksyen 62</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>Ibid.
</i>Seksyen 74</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mahmood Saedon (1990), <i>Undang-Undang Keterangan Islam, </i>Kuala Lumpur :
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. h.16</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>
Siti Zalikhah Haji Md Nor (2006), <i>Beberapa Aspek dalam Undang-Undang
Keterangan Islam,</i> dlm al-Syariah : Undang-Undang Keterangan Islam, j. 3,
Siti Zalikhah Haji Md Nor et. al. Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. h.
4.<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Al-Kasaniy (1998), <i>al-Bada’i al-Sana’I,
</i>j. 5, cet. Ketiga, Beirut : Dar Ihya’ al-Turath. h. 337.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(1991) JH VII/II 152</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ruzman Md. Noor (2007). <i>Pembuktian Dalam Kes Harta Sepencarian di Mahkamah
Syariah di Malaysia.</i> Jurnal Syariah (15:1) h. 39</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a>
Black Law Dictionary, h. 519</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>Majallat
al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah,</i> Per. 1689</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Prof. Dr. Anwarullah(1999), <i>Evidence
By Expert (Experts‘ Opinion),</i> dlm. Principles of Evidence in Islam. A. S.
Noordeen Press : Kuala Lumpur. h. 128</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dr. Karim Zaidan (1993), <i>Prinsip-Prinsip Pendakwaan dan Pembuktian dalam
Sistem Kehakiman Islam,</i> Mohd Salleh Bin Haji Ahmad (terj.). Shah Alam :
HIZBI. h. 162</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a>
Shofian Ahmad (2006), <i>Sabitan Nasab Melalui Qiyafah,</i> dlm. Al-Syariah :
Undang-Undang Keterangan Islam, j. 3, Siti Zalikhah Haji Md Nor et. al. Kuala
Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. h. 97. </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>
hlm. 107</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dr. Karim Zaidan (1993), <i>Prinsip-Prinsip Pendakwaan dan Pembuktian dalam
Sistem Kehakiman Islam,</i> Mohd Salleh Bin Haji Ahmad (terj.). Shah Alam :
HIZBI. hlm. 165</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"> <span lang="ES">Siti Zalikhah (2008). <i>Beberapa
aspek mengenai hubungan biologi antara anak dan bapa tanpa nikah</i>. JH 25 Bhg.
2. h. 77.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"> Zulfakar Ramlee. Kertas Kerja yang
bertajuk <i>“ Pembuktian Saintifik, Keterangan DNA, Mikrofilem dan Audiovisual:
Antara kerelevanannya dan keboleh terimaannya</i>” yang dibentangkan dalam
Persidangan Pegawai Syariah Kali ke-5 DI Hotel Grand Bluewave, Shah Alam pada 9
September 2003.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span></span></span></a>
Muhammad Rawas Qalahjiy (1998), <i>Mu’jam Lughat al-Fuqaha (Arb-English)</i> cet.
kedua. Beirut : Dar al-Nafais, h. 373</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"> <span lang="ES">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah (1991). <i>Al-Turuq
al-Hukmiyyah</i>. Beirut : Dar al-Fikr al-Lubnaniy. h. 204.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span></span></span></a>
<i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Structure of Deoxyribo Necleia Acid</span></i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
[1953] 171 Nature 737</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"> <i><span lang="ES">Nukleotida</span></i><span lang="ES"> terdiri daripada satu kumpulan fostat, satu kumpulan gula pentosa
(yang mengandungi karbon) dan satu bes bernitrogen</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"> <span lang="ES">Akhzailina Md Akhir (2000). “<i>Keterangan
DNA : Kepentingan , Keperluan dan Kaedah Pemakaian di Malaysia</i>”</span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">(Latihan Ilmiah, Fakulti Undang-Undang Universiti Malaya)</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn59" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[59]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sheikh Nizar al-Shu’aybi adalah salah seorang hakim di Mahkamah Bandar Shaqiq,
Qatar.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn60" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[60]</span></span></span></span></a>
Islam Today, <a href="http://en.islamtoday.net/artshow-387-3336.htm"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://en.islamtoday.net/artshow-387-3336.htm</span></a>,
22 November 2012.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn61" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[61]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M. Salama (t.th.), <i>General
Principle of Criminal Evidence,</i> dlm. The Islamic Criminal Justice, (t.t.p.),
(t.p.). h.118</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn62" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[62]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mustafa (t.th.), <i>Prinsip
Undang-Undang Keterangan Islam, </i>(t.t.p.), (t.p.). h. 78</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn63" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[63]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibn Qudamah (t.th.), <i>al-Mughni</i>,
j. 9,<i> (t.t.p.), (t.p.). </i>h. 149</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn64" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[64]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Al-Shirazi (t.th.), <i>al-Muhadhdhab,</i>
j. 2, (t.t.p.), (t.p.). h. 425</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn65" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[65]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mahmasani (t.th.), <i>Falsafat
Tashri’ al-Islami,</i> (t.t.p.),(t.p.). h. 307</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn66" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[66]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Karim Zaydan (t.th.), <i>Nizam
al-Qada’, (t.t.p.),(t.p.). </i>h. 188</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn67" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[67]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Abu al-Ayn (t.th.), <i>al-Qada’ wa
al-Ithbat,</i> (t.t.p.), (t.p.). h. 230</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn68" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[68]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah (1991). <i>Al-Turuq
al-Hukmiyyah</i>. Beirut : Dar al-Fikr al-Lubnaniy.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> h. 141</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn69" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[69]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sarkar’s,<i> Law of Evidence,</i>
Edisi ke-13, (t.t.p.), (t.p.). h. 13027</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn70" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[70]</span></span></span></span></a>
Abdul Hayei b. Abdul Sukor (2002), <i>Keliru tentang hukum wanita sebagai
saksi’, </i>dlm. Ruangan 1001 Kemusykilan : Mingguan Malaysia.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn71" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[71]</span></span></span></span></a>
Wan Nor Ainon Bt Wan Abdullah (2004), <i>Konsep Kesaksian Wanita Dalam
Undang-Undang Keterangan : Perbandingan Antara Mahkamah Syariah dan Mahkamah
Sivil di Kota Bharu, Kelantan,</i> Dissertation. Universiti Malaya.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn72" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[72]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dr. Karim Zaidan (1993), <i>Prinsip-Prinsip Pendakwaan dan Pembuktian dalam
Sistem Kehakiman Islam, </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mohd Salleh
Bin Haji Ahmad (terj.). Shah Alam : HIZBI. h. 116</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn73" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[73]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dr. Mohd Daud Bakar (1997), <i>Kedudukan Wanita Dalam Undang-Undang,</i> dlm.
Al-Ahkam : Penghakiman dan Kepeguaman, Ahmad Ibrahim et. al. j.. 5. Kuala
Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. h. 162 - 165</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn74" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[74]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M.N. Howard (t.th.), <i>Phipson on
Evidence,</i> 14th Ed. Phara, 9-06</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn75" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref75" name="_ftn75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[75]</span></span></span></span></a>
(1917) <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Appeal Case 406 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn76" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref76" name="_ftn76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[76]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Prof. Dr. Anwarullah(1999), <i>Circumstantial
Evidence in Murder and Hurt</i>. dlm. Principles of Evidence in Islam. A. S.
Noordeen Press : Kuala Lumpur. h. 112</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn77" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref77" name="_ftn77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[77]</span></span></span></span></a> <i><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ibid.</span></i><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> h. 117</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn78" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref78" name="_ftn78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[78]</span></span></span></span></a> <i><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ibid.</span></i><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> h. 119</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn79" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref79" name="_ftn79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[79]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibn Taimiyyah (t.th.), <i>al-Siyasah
al-Syar’iyyah,</i> (t.t.p.), (t.p.). h. 158</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn80" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref80" name="_ftn80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[80]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mohd Fuad Jaapar (1998), <i>Undang-Undang
Keterangan dan Prosedur di Mahkamah Syariah Dari Aspek Amalan,</i> dlm.
Undang-Undang Islam di Mahkamah-Mahkamah Syariah di Malaysia, Ahmad Hidayat
Buang et. al. Kuala Lumpur : Universiti Malaya. h. 179-183</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref81" name="_ftn81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[81]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sidi Ahmad Abdullah (1998), <i>Undang-Undang
Keterangan dan Prosedur di Mahkamah Syariah Dari Aspek Hukum,</i> dlm. Undang-Undang
Islam di Mahkamah-Mahkamah Syariah di Malaysia, Ahmad Hidayat Buang et. al.
Kuala Lumpur : Universiti Malaya. h. 165 </span></div>
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Naufal Tarmizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18171464018688486581noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7724524930660709206.post-34836099656702323472012-11-14T08:08:00.000-08:002012-12-10T19:38:38.652-08:00(Article Review) : Urban Regulation In Islamic Law Through An Ottoman Manuscript<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><i>Penulis : Mustapha Ben-Hamouche</i> <i> </i></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><i>Sumber : Journal Of Islamic Law & Culture</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">___________________________________________________________________________________ </span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pendahuluan</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Artikel ini ditulis oleh Moustapha
Ben-Hamouche<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
berjudul <i>“Urban Regulation In Islamic Law Through An Ottoman Manuscript”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
dan diterbitkan dalam <i>Journal of Islamic Law and Culture </i>pada 2011<i>. </i>Artikel
ini mengupas secara terperinci berkenaan dengan undang-undang sebagai mekanisme
mengatasi masalah pertikaian yang wujud hasil dari kepesatan pembangunan urbanisasi.
Halaman artikel sebanyak 24 muka surat ini mengandungi pendahuluan <i>(introduction),</i>
subtopik artikel seperti <i>Riyadh al-Qasimin,</i> peraturan perbandaran <i>(urban
regulations),</i> isu pembahagian aset, teknik, metod, dan instrumen
persempadanan kehartaan dan pengiraan kawasan, kejiranan dan perkongsian,
perparitan dan lorong laluan, kawalan bandar, <i>Hisba</i> dan
tanggungjawabnya, asas perwakafan, pertikaian dan konflik, tanah, pokok dan
air, kontrak jualbeli, sewa, derma dan seumpamanya, kemudahan lain seperti
gereja, perilaku bukan Islam dan gantirugi pembunuh, seterusnya diakhiri dengan
kesimpulan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Secara umumnya, penulis artikel ini cuba
untuk mengubah persepsi pesimistik para pengkaji Barat yang mengibaratkan bandar
di negara Islam terutamanya semasa zaman ketamadunan Islam sebagai tidak
tersusun. Menurut beliau, ini disebabkan kerana perbandingan yang dibuat
pengkaji Barat adalah dengan menggunakan model <i>cardo<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
dan <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>decumanus<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
yakni satu model urbanisasi negara kota Greco-Roman. Namun, persepsi ini mula
berubah pada pertengahan abad ke-20 selepas pengkaji Perancis menemui 2 buah
manuskrip perundangan Islam berkaitan perancangan bandar.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penulis cuba membawa perbincangan berkaitan
dengan impak undang-undang Islam ke atas perancangan bandar dalam tamadun Islam
dengan merujuk kepada penemuan manuskrip perundangan Islam seperti Manuskrip
Ibn al-Imam yang bertajuk <i>al-Jidar,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
Manuskrip Ibnu al-Ramli,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Manuskrip mazhab Hanafi bertajuk <i>Kitab al-Hitan,</i> Manuskrip mazhab Ibadi
yang bertajuk <i>Kitab al-Qisma wa Usul al-Aradheen,</i> dan Manuskrip Empayar
Uthmaniyyah bertajuk <i>Riyadh al-Qasimin. </i>Ini dapat dilihat dalam
kesimpulan penulis yang menyatakan perbincangan fiqh berkaitan dengan peraturan
bandar hanya melibatkan tiga mazhab iaitu Maliki, Hanafi dan Ibadi.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Latar
Belakang</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peraturan Bandar (Urban Regulation) Era
Tamadun Islam </span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara umumnya, bandar dalam Islam
terbahagi kepada tiga iaitu <i>Fustat </i>(berasal dari kem tentera Islam yang
berkembang menjadi <i>wilayah al-amsar)</i>, <i>Ribat</i> (bandar kota) dan <i>Balad
al-Amirin </i>(bandar diraja).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> Bahkan,
amalan di Malaysia tentang satu <i>qaryah</i> mempunyai satu masjid tersendri
merupakan amalan terdahulu yang telah dilakukan oleh Rasulullah (S.A.W) di
Madinah al-Munawwarah. Baginda telah memecahkan Madinah kepada beberapa <i>khittah</i>
(unit kejiranan)<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
yang mempunyai masjid tersendiri sebagai pusat kepada <i>khittah </i>tersebut.
Pentadbiran bandar dan wilayah dalam Islam semakin pesat seiring dengan
perluasan wilayah Islam semasa pemerintahan Saidina Umar al-Khattab. Saidina
Umar telah mewujudkan beberapa bandar <i>al-Amsar </i>baru seperti Kufah, Basrah
dan seumpamanya, yang juga mempunyai masjid tersendiri sebagai pusat aktiviti. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Peraturan bandar dalam Islam pernah disentuh
dalam sebuah hadis Nabi (s.a.w) dalam kitab adab al-Mufrad (Sohih Bukhari) tentang
kepentingan untuk hidup dalam suasana bandar Islam. Dapat difahami dengan
maksud suasana bandar Islam adalah suasana yang berlandaskan <i>qawa’id
fiqhiyyah </i>seperti menghindar dari menyakiti orang lain walaupun tindakan
tersebut menguntungkan diri atau tidak, serta berlandaskan prinsip-prinsip <i>maqasid
syariah.</i> Sungguhpun tiada nas khusus yang membicarakan secara terperinci
dari sudut susunan dan pembentukan sesebuah bandar, namun perlu difahami bahawa
amalan serta sejarah ketamadunan Islam serta kelahiran bandar kota Islam
terkenal seperti Baghdad, boleh dijadikan sebagai sandaran rujukan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam era ini – terutamanya dalam kerangka
Malaysia- artikel ini adalah berkisar tentang perundangan, polisi, instrumen,
strategi dan mekanisme pembangunan dan perancangan Bandar. Antara statut yang
berkaitan pada masa kini adalah seperti Kanun Tanah Negara 1965, Akta Kerajaan
Tempatan 1976 (akta 171), Akta Perancangan Bandar dan Desa (1976) (akta 172),
Akta Pemajuan Perumahan (Kawalan dan Perlesenan) (pindaan) 2007, Akta Hakmilik
Strata (Pindaan) 2007, Akta Jalan, Perparitan dan Bangunan (Pindaan) 2007, Akta
Penyenggaraan dan Pengurusan Bangunan dan Harta Bersama 2007, Akta Kualiti Alam
Sekitar 1974, AKta Pengambilan Tanah 1960, Akta Pemuliharaan Tanah 1960, Akta
Kontrak 1950 (akta 136) dan seumpamanya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manual Perundangan Cami Muhamammad Efendi</span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nama sebenar pengumpul manual perundangan
ini adalah Cami Muhammad Efendi b. Ahmad Ibrahim Edernawi Efendi. Pada awalnya
beliau merupakan seorang qadi di Kaherah, kemudian ditukarkan untuk berkhidmat
ke beberapa buah bandar di Anatolia. Dilahirkan pada 1649 Masihi dan meninggal
dunia pada tahun 1723. Manual perundangan ini dianggap sebagai manuskrip yang
menjadi asas kepada rujukan pertikaian isu berkaitan dengan perbandaran semasa
pemerintahan Empayar Uthmaniyyah. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Manual ini pada awalnya digubal sebagai
rujukan kepada para qadi Uthmaniyyah dalam membantu para qadi untuk membuat
keputusan dan penghakiman. Jika diteliti dengan lebih mendalam, manual ini
memberi kebebasan berkontrak (sama seperti prinsip kontrak sivil), salah satu
ciri-ciri yang jelas hasil dari pengaruh mazhab Hanafi. Ini kerana manual ini
merupakan kompilasi hukum dan pendapat dari Abu Hanifah, Abu Yusuf dan Muhammad
al-Shaybani. Diberi judul <i>Riyadh al-Qasimin</i>, manual ini menyentuh
beberapa aspek seperti ejen yang dilantik <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk proses pembahagian harta, kelayakannya,
cara pembahagiannya, aset yang boleh dibahagi dan tak boleh dibahagi, serta
pembahagian semula aset tersebut.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Analisis
Kritikal</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penulis dalam artikel ini cuba menghuraikan
beberapa aspek berkaitan perundangan Islam dalam perancangan bandar dengan
berpandukan kepada manuskrip <i>Riyadh al-Qasimin</i> yang dikumpul oleh Cami
Muhammad Efendi. Ini dapat dilihat melalui rajah carta pai yang dimuatkan dalam
halaman 289 artikel ini yang merujuk kepada isu-isu berkaitan bandar yang
disentuh dalam manuskrip tersebut. Melalui carta pai ini, penulis telah
menghuraikan secara terperinci tentang isu-isu yang terangkum dalam manuskrip
tersebut.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Terdapat juga beberapa gambarajah yang
berkaitan dengan masalah pertikaian perbandaran seperti jalan mati, rumah di
tepi jalan raya, rumah bertingkat dan seumpamanya. Gambarajah ini diambil dari
manuskrip asal dan ia dikuatkan dengan pengakuan penulis yang menjumpai
manuskrip ini ketika menjadi <i>visiting scholar </i>di Institut Francais des
Etudes Anatoliennes di Istanbul pada Ogos 1997. Ia seolah-olah cuba menjadi <i>syarah</i>
atau huraian kepada manuskrip tersebut denga menyentuh isu berkaiatn jalanraya
sehingga ke jalan mati, kejiranan sehingga ke isu berkaitan bukan Islam dan kematian
di kaki lima. Sungguhpun begitu, perbincangan fiqh dalam masalah-masalah
berkaitan hanya disentuh secara ringkas. Mungkin disebabkan oleh subtopik yang
terlalu banyak menyebabkan perbincangan fiqh yang dimuatkan dalam artikel ini
adalah yang diterima pakai umum oleh majoriti orang Islam.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Oleh kerana artikel ini cuba melihat
perancangan dan pembentukan bandar menurut perspektif undang-undang, maka
persepktif dari sudut teologi, sejarah pembentukan bandar Islam dan sosiologi
atau contoh kes boleh dianggap sebagai minimal atu hampir tiada dimuatkan dalam
artikel ini. Bahkan contoh-contoh yang diberikan bagi setiap subtopik atau isu
berkaitan adalah bersifat imaginasi perundangan atau contoh sedia ada termaktub
dalam manuskrip tersebut. Sebagai contoh, artikel ini juga menyentuh tentang
hak <i>privasi</i> dalam hidup berjiran, dan hak ini sebenarnya telah
digariskan nas al-Quran dalam surah an-Nur.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> Namun,
artikel ini masih secara komprehensif, ringkas dan padat dalam membicarakan
tajuk berkaitan peraturan perbandaran dari sudut undang-undang Islam.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Kekuatan
</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Merangkumkan semua topik yang disentuh
dalam manuskrip yang dirujuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Artikel yang bersifat komprehensif, ringkas
dan padat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Kelemahan</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tiada contoh kes dan nas-nas teologi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sejarah bandar Islam sangat minimal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komentar
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Walaupun artikel ini cuba untuk mengubah
persepsi pengkaji Barat terhadap perancangan bandar dalam tamadun Islam, tetapi
penulis tidak pula memuatkan sumber nas yang menjadi asas ketamadunan Islam itu
sendiri. Sebaliknya penulis membuat perkaitan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>khusus kepada manuskrip yang merupakan kompilasi hukum fiqh mazhab
Hanafi. Namun, kekurangan ini tidak mencacatkan objektif sebenar penulisan
artikel ini dan adalah dicadangkan supaya artikel ini dipanjangkan sebagai penyelidikan
di masa hadapan dalam konteks Malaysia sebagai negara quasi Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Artikel ini menyentuh satu lagi sisi yang
kurang diberi perhatian oleh ahli akademik dan pelajar Islam yang dianggap
asing bagi kita sedangkan sebenarnya ia bukanlah sesuatu yang asing dalam
ketamaduanan Islam. Kewujudan artikel ini mampu memberi impak kepada
pembangunan dinamisme perbahasan fiqh moden dan menjana perkembangan <i>reform</i>
dalam perundangan Islam semasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Walaupun pengkaji Barat cuba membandingkan
dengan model urbanisasi Greco-Roman bekaitan dengan jalan utama-jalan
penyambung <i>(cardo-decumanus)</i>,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> tamadun
Islam juga mampu berbangga dengan kewujudan model urbanisasi yang hampir serupa
pada zaman Saidina Umar iaitu konsep <i>manahijul ‘uzma</i> (jalan-jalan utama)
dan <i>dur (</i>penempatan berkelompok tersusun). Oleh itu, kajian berkaitan
perundangan perancangan bandar dalam Islam adalah sesuatu yang diperlukan dalam
pembentukan sesebuah negara Islam terutama di Malaysia.</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture, College of Engineering,
University of Bahrain, Bahrain.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> Mustapha
Ben-Hamouche (2010) : Urban Regulation In Islamic Law Through An Ottoman
Manuscript, Journal of Islamic Law and Culture, 12:3, 248-307 </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> Juga
dikenali sebagai <i>cardo maximus</i> yakni jalan utama yang mempunyai kedai
dan gerai di sepanjang jalannya.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Juga dikenali sebagai <i>decumanus maximus </i>iaitu satu jalan yang
menghubungkan antara jalan utama dengan lokasi lain.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Juga dikenali sebagai <i>al-Qada fi al-Bunyan</i> merupakan kompilasi naskhah
hukum fiqh mazhab Maliki.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dianggap sebagai rujukan utama dalam bidang <i>Fiqh al-Bunyan, </i>juga
kompilasi hukum fiqh mazhab Maliki.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ismawi Bin Hj Zen, “Sejarah Perkembangan Fizikal Bandar-Bandar Islam Semasa
Zaman Rasulullah dan Para Khluafa al-Rasyidin : Prinsip-Prinsip Yang Kita Boleh
Pelajari Daripadanya”, Jurnal Teknologi, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 21-32</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>Ibid.
</i>Menurut al-Bukayr (740 M) terdapat 9 <i>khittah</i> di Madinah
al-Munawwarah.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Che Zuina Binti Ismail
(2012),”Pembangunan Tanah Wakaf : Analisis Menurut Perundangan Dan Pelaksanaannya
Di Malaysia”, Ph.D thesis, Universiti Malaya.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Al-Quran, Surah an-Nur ayat 30.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7724524930660709206#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> Wikipedia,
<u>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardo,</u> pada 8 November 2012<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Naufal Tarmizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18171464018688486581noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7724524930660709206.post-29867794284222140802010-09-02T07:54:00.000-07:002012-12-10T19:39:24.574-08:00Elemen Keterangan dalam Kes Che Abdullah Che Kob lwn Wan Jarah Binti Wan Daud<div style="color: black;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG7QJN9TcZVh2n0NMGOZAb27xPlsSv5xMV5YId9Cfc0Kbz_H_wbjtJshrSrR7sarnLZCZujVwhb_VeMzEjrC7mB7KvF1wmDc7jiOwc5Dqv7tejrmHLKV1Cw_nGLuS0vdcTVE63dfzXZcw/s1600/B.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" height="320" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5496562752707406994" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG7QJN9TcZVh2n0NMGOZAb27xPlsSv5xMV5YId9Cfc0Kbz_H_wbjtJshrSrR7sarnLZCZujVwhb_VeMzEjrC7mB7KvF1wmDc7jiOwc5Dqv7tejrmHLKV1Cw_nGLuS0vdcTVE63dfzXZcw/s320/B.jpg" style="float: right; height: 104px; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; width: 104px;" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Jika diteliti dalam penghakiman di hadapan Panel Rayuan Mahkamah Syariah Kota Bharu Kelantan ini, terdapat tiga jenis elemen keterangan atau bayyinah yang digunakan dalam mensabitkan keputusan rayuan tersebut. Elemen keterangan atau bayyinah yang dimaksudkan adalah :</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="line-height: 200%;">1) Iqrar<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Elemen ini diperlihatkan dalam alasan penghakiman kes ini pada muka surat 203, perenggan akhir yang menyatakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><span style="line-height: 200%;">“ Perayu melalui Peguam Syarienya <u>mengaku tuntutan Responden</u> yang menuntut harta sepencarian di atas semua tuntutan kecuali dua perkara sahaja iaitu tnah Lot no. 1147 Mukim Kampung Laut, Tumpat yang bernilai RM26,000.00 dan mendakwa bahawa tanah tersebut adalah pemberian hidup (hibah) datuk saudaranya Mek bt Minal dan sebuah perahu No.20 bernilai sebanyak RM3000.00 serta mendakwa perahu tersebut kepunyaan orang lain iaitu Awang bin Mat Zain…”<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Frasa ‘<i><u>mengaku tuntutan Responden’ </u></i>menunjukkan bahawa elemen iqrar telah wujud dalam kes ini. Iqrar bermaksud suatu bentuk pengakuan dengan tujuan untuk membuktikan sesuatu perkara yang berkaitan dengan hak orang lain ke atas orang yang berikrar. Berdasarkan AKta keterangan 1950, kedudukan iqrar adalah selari dengan kedudukan pengakuan (admission). Umumnya, iqrar hanya mengikat dan memberi kesan kepada orang yang melakukan iqrar sahaja. Maka salah satu cara untuk mensabitkan tuntutan Responden sebagai harta sepencarian adalah iqrar dari Perayu sendiri berkenaan tuntutan tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Ini selari dengan sebuah hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Ahmad dan Abu Daud daripada Sahl bin Saad bahawa seorang lelaki telah datang kepada Rasulullah S.A.W dan menyatakan bahawa dia telah berzina dengan seorang wanita. Rasulullah S.A.W menghantar utusan kepada wanita tersebut untuk bertanya kepadanya tentang apa-apa yang diiqrarkan oleh lelaki itu. Wanita tersebut menafikannya, maka Rasulullah S.A.W tidak mengenakan hukuman keatas wanita yang didakwanya melakukan bersama.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Hadis ini menunjukkan iqrar itu hanya memberi kesan ke atas orang yang melakukan iqrar sahaja. Dalam kes ini, tuntutan Responden adalah berkaitan dengan harta yang dikuasai oleh Perayu. Oleh itu, apabila iqrar itu dilafazkan Perayu, maka tuntutan beberapa harta yang diakui adalah termasuk dalam harta sepencarian. Tambahan pula iqrar atau pengakuan bukan dilakukan di luar Mahkamah, sebaliknya ia berlaku di hadapan Hakim Bicara dan di dalam Mahkamah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Jika diteliti dalam penghakiman kes lain seperti dalam kes Pendakwa Syarie lwn Jalil Embong, Hakim Bicara menyatakan bahawa iqrar merupakan salah satu pembuktian yang terkuat dalam hukum syara’. Bahkan tiada perselisihan pendapat ulama’ berkenaan kedudukan iqrar ini. Sebagaimana firman Allah Taala dalam surah an-Nisa’ ayat 135 :</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Yang bermaksud –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><span style="line-height: 200%;"> Wahai orang-orang Yang beriman! hendaklah kamu menjadi orang-orang Yang sentiasa menegakkan keadilan, lagi menjadi saksi (yang menerangkan kebenaran) kerana Allah, sekalipun terhadap diri kamu sendiri, atau ibu bapa dan kaum kerabat kamu. kalaulah orang (yang didakwa) itu kaya atau miskin (maka janganlah kamu terhalang daripada menjadi saksi Yang memperkatakan kebenaran disebabkan kamu bertimbang rasa), kerana Allah lebih bertimbang rasa kepada keduanya. oleh itu, janganlah kamu turutkan hawa nafsu supaya kamu tidak menyeleweng dari keadilan. dan jika kamu memutar-balikkan keterangan ataupun enggan (daripada menjadi saksi), maka Sesungguhnya Allah sentiasa mengetahui Dengan mendalam akan apa Yang kamu lakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p>2) Syahadah atau saksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Apa yang dapat difahami dalam kes ini adalah terdapat bebrapa tuntutan dibenarkan oleh Mahkamah kerana ia diakui sendiri oleh Perayu. namun terdapat juga tuntutan yang tidak diakui oleh Perayu sepeti tanah Lot no. 1147 yang didakwa sebagai harta hibah dan sebuah perahu No.20 yang didakwa sebagai hak milik orang lain. Oleh itu dalam membuktikan dakwaan Perayu ini, beberapa keterangan sokongan diperlukan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Pada muka surat 203 (perenggan akhir) dan 204 dalam penghakiman kes ini menyatakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><span style="line-height: 200%;">“ …Dakwaan-dakwaan seperti ini memerlukan sokongan daripada saksi-saksi atau apa-apa keterangan lain yang boleh diterima mengikut Hukum Syarak dan undang-undang dan adalah menjadi beban yang tertanggung ke atas yang mendakwa (Defendan) selaku Perayu dalam kes ini untuk membuktikannya bagaimana hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh al-Baihaki Nabi (s.a.w) bersabda :-<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="line-height: 200%;">البينة على المدعي واليمين على من أنكر</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;"> Yang mana bermaksud –<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><span style="line-height: 200%;"> “Orang yang mendakwa hendaklah membuktikannya dengan keterangan saksi (bayyinah) dan sumpah ke atas orang yang menafikannya.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Perayu telah mengemukakan 4 orang saksi bagi menyokong dakwaanya. Saksi-saksi yang ditampilkan adalah terdiri daripada 3 orang saksi lelaki dan seorang saksi wanita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Saksi pertama merupakan ayah kandung kepada Perayu sendiri. Mahkamah Bicara telah menolak keterangan daripada saksi ini kerana terdapat elemen ohmah dari sudut kedudukannya dalam memberikan kesaksian. Bahkan jika keterangan saksi ini diterima, taraf kesaksiannya adalah bayyinah dan bukan bertaraf syahadah. Seksyen 83 (7) Enakmen Keterangan Mahkamah Syariah Melaka 2002 menyatakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><span style="line-height: 200%;">Seseorang yang kebolehpercayaannya diragui kerana hubungan buruknya dengan pihak menentang adalah berwibawa untuk memberikan bayyinah tetapi tidak berwibawa untuk memberikan syahadah.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Ini adalah kerana hubungan anak dan bapa adalah dianggap mempunyai hubungan baik dan ada tohmahan jika keterangan diberikan untuk faedah dan kebaikan pihak yang satu lagi, maka dengan sebab itu ia tidak memenuhi kehendak dan syarat <i>syahadah</i>. Sebagaimana hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh al-Hakim, Nabi (s.a.w) bersabda :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">لا تجوز شهادة لذي الظنة ولا ذي الحنة : والظنة التهمة والحنة العداوة<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Yang bermaksud – <i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><span style="line-height: 200%;">“ Tidak boleh diterima keterangan saksi yang ada tohmah dan ada permusuhan”<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Dalam kes ini, walaupun empat saksi telah dikemukakan, namun ia bukan satu kemestian atau syarat bilangan saksi dalam kes ini. Keperluan empat orang saksi hanya diperuntukkan dalam kes zina. Manakala dalam kes ini mencukupi hanya dengan dua orang saksi lelaki atau seorang saksi lelakia dan dua orang saksi wanita. Seksyen 86 Enakmen Keterangan Syariah Melaka 1994 memperuntukkan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><span style="line-height: 200%;">(1) Keterangan dalam kes zina yang membawa kepada hukuman hudud tidak boleh diterima kecuali ia disaksikan oleh empat orang lelaki.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><span style="line-height: 200%;">(2) Dakwaan seorang yang dikenali seorang kaya bahawa dia telah menjadi papa tidak boleh diterima kecuali ianya disokong oleh tiga orang saksi lelaki.<br />
</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><span style="line-height: 200%;">(3) Dalam perkara melihat anak bulan keterangan seorang lelaki yang adil boleh diterima.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><span style="line-height: 200%;">(4) Keterangan seorang lelaki dalam keadaan yang berikut-<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><span style="line-height: 200%;">(a) keterangan seorang guru dalam kes kanak-kanak sekolah;<br />
(b) keterangan pakar dalam menilai barang rosak;<br />
(c) keterangan dalam penerimaan dan penolakan saksi;<br />
(d) pemberitahuan memecat wakil;<br />
(e) pemberitahuan keaiban barang jualan; boleh diterima.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><span style="line-height: 200%;">(5) Keterangan seorang perempuan boleh diterima dalam perkara yang biasa dilihat oleh seseorang perempuan.<o:p></o:p><br />
</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><span style="line-height: 200%;">(6) Di dalam perkara-perkara lain dari yang disebut di atas, keterangan hendaklah diberi oleh dua orang saksi lelaki atau seorang saksi lelaki dan dua orang saksi perempuan.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Persoalannya apakah bilangan saksi ini mencukupi dalam menyokong dakwaan Perayu? Saksi pertama tidak diterima, saksi kedua adalah wanita iaitu keterangannya tidak sampai ke tahap syahadah kerana hanya seorang sahaja saksi wanita yang ditampilkan, saksi ketiga pula tidak mengetahui hal berkaitan dengan tanah yang didakwa Perayu sebagai harta hibah dan hanya saksi keempat sahaja yang menyokong dakwaan berkenaan dengan tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Jika diteliti, kedudukan keterangan saksi bagi dakwaan Perayu berkenaan dengan tanah adalah tidak mencukupi bilangannya dari sudut undang-undang dan hukum syara’. Dalam erti kata lain, Perayu memerlukan seorang saksi sahaja lagi untuk menyokong dakwaannya berhubung dengan kedudukan tanah. Namun, peruntukan undang-undang tidak menyebut keterangan saksi mengikat pihak yang menggunakan khidmatnya. Disebabkan saksi pertama bagi Plaintif yakni Responden dalam kes ini menyatakan tanah itu bukan hasil daripada urusan jual-beli dan hanya didapati dalam ikatan perkahwinan, maka ia menyamai dengan dakwaan Perayu bahawa tanah itu diberikan secara hibah oleh Mek bt Minal. Oleh sebab itulah mengapa Mahkamah menerima dakwaan tanah tersebut sebagai harta hibah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span style="line-height: 200%;">3. Qarinah<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Terdapat satu lagi dakwaan yang perlu kepada apa-apa elemen keterangan yang lain dalam menyokong dakwaan Perayu berkenaan dengan sebuah perahu No. 20 yang dikatakan sabagai hak milik orang lain. Dalam kes ini, perayu telah menggunakan elemen qarinah dalam menyokong dakwaannya tentang kedudkan perahu No.20. Dalam penghakiman kes ini pada muka surat 205, perenggan a hingga c menyatakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><span style="line-height: 200%;">“ …Berhubung dengan dakwaan Perayu bahawa perahu No.20 bukan kepunyaannya (Defendan)selaku Perayu, beliau telah kemukakan dokumen (lessen No. M 000316) yang dikeluarkan dibawah peruntukan Akta Perikanan 1985 adalah atas nama Awang Bin Mat Zain dan dengan itu Perayu selaku Defendan tidak terikat dengan dakwaan Plaintif berhubung dengan perahu ini dan tidak terikat juga dengan hukuman mahkamah kerana tidak menepati syarat-syarat dakwaan Plaintif bagaimana syarat dakwaan yang kedua dan yang kelima yang dijelaskan di atas…”<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Dalam hal ini, lesen perahu tersebut merupakan qarinah untuk membuktikan pemilik sebenar perahu tersebut. Tafsiran undang-undang menyatakan qarinah bermaksud<i> </i>fakta yang mempunyai kaitan dengan fakta yang satu lagi. Lesen perahu merupakan fakta yang berkaitan dengan pemilikan perahu tersebut, maka ia merupakan pembuktian yang kukuh dalam menyokong dakwaan Perayu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 200%;">Qarinah tersebut boleh disamakan dengan konsep keterangan keadaan (circumstantial evidence).Secara istilah,konsep tersebut bermaksud bukti atau segala wasilah yang dibenarkan untuk dikemukakan di mahkamah dengan tujuan membuktikan kewujudan sesuatu fakta atau sebaliknya. Ia juga bermaksud sebarang maklumat yang diperolehi daripada dokumen, benda atau saksi yang boleh membuktikan kewujudan fakta tertentu. Melalui bukti atau maklumat ini, kebenaran atau kepalsuan sesuatu fakta yang dipertikaikan dapat dipastikan kedudukannya. Ini bermakna keterangan adalah wasilah atau kaedah untuk membuktikan sesuatu fakta.<i> <br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><b>**p/s : Citation --- JH</b><b> XX/II 196 --- Kes Rayuan Mal no : 03000 - 017 - 0004 - 2005</b></span></span></div>
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Naufal Tarmizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18171464018688486581noreply@blogger.com1